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The metaphysical thought of Thomas Aquinas. From the concept of being and unity to the concept of whole and part
Svoboda, David ; Sousedík, Stanislav (advisor) ; Matula, Jozef (referee) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
The subject-matter of the thesis is the metaphysical thought of the renowned medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas (1224/5-1274). The main goal ofthe thesis is to expose Aquinas' part-whole doctrine (mereology) in the broad context of his metaphysical theory. In concrete, we mean to elucidate the part-whole relationship in the background ofthe key metaphysical principles and concepts, such as the notion of being and unity or the issue of the ontological structure of a categorial being. The whole thesis can be divided into two main parts. In the first part we tackle those issues, which must be outlined to comprehend Aquinas' mereology in the broad horizon of his metaphysics. In the second part we set forth the independent attempt to advance Aquinas' part-whole theory.
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A Comparison of Plotinus's and St. Augustine's Conception of Evil
Košová, Michaela ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Novák, Lukáš (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with Plotinus's and Augustine's conception of evil and its main aim is to compare both views and reveal which Plotinus's thoughts inspired Augustine and at which points he had to divert from Plotinus. The key question is in what way both philosophers attempt to answer the question about ontological status and origin of evil. While examining the differences between both conceptions it will be importatnt to explain them with regard to different metaphysical concepts which constitute Plotinus's and Augustine's thinking. First part of the thesis investigates in what sense in Plotinus's theory matter - the last point of emanation of reality from the One - is the principle of evil. Later we encounter tolma, certain illegitimate audacity to become independent from the higher levels which is present in the soul and also at the very emergence of reality as such from the One. However, since soul has a divine origin, it cannot really sin. Plotinus ascribes the ultimate responsibility for evil to matter, utter privation and form of non-being, which can act as a sort of trap for the soul. In the second part we will see that thanks to neoplatonic thinking Augustine too perceives evil as privation but he ascribes its origin to a free decision of created, and thus mutable rational...
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Masaryk's concept of humanity
Adam, Lukáš ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
This Bachelor Thesis of Masaryk's concept of humanity examines the central topics of the philosophy of T. G. Masaryk in which humanity has a key position. The aim of this work is to interpret the importance of humanity in individual topics, but also the whole of Masaryk's philosophy. This analysis begins with the question of the classification of Masaryk as a thinker and describing the general nature of his texts. The two chapters that follow create the main part of this work. The first chapter is devoted to Masaryk's conception of religion upon which his humanity is based. One of the subchapters is devoted to Masaryk's specific concept of personal belief and the second to Masaryk's modern person. This second subchapter aims to clarify the essence of Masaryk's criticism of modern times and helps explain the meaning of the religious foundation of Masaryk's philosophy. Following this is a chapter on the practical aspects of Masaryk's concept of humanity, which shows how Masaryk intends to apply this humanity into life of individuals and society. This is further followed by a subchapter on humanity within the concept of a nation and state establishment. This part is concluded by a subchapter dedicated to Masaryk's concept of democracy, which essentially acts as a closure of Masaryk's application of humanity...
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Basic attunements in the fundamental ontology of Martin Heidegger
Rut, Filip ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
Tato diplomová práce předkládá podrobnou interpretaci koncepce základních nálad v Heideggerově fundamentální ontologii. Postup napříč klíčovými texty (Bytí a čas, Co je Metafyzika? a Základní pojmy metafyziky) sleduje vývoj této koncepce a zachycuje ji v její často přehlížené členitosti. Důraz je proto kladen na odlišné role různých základních nálad a na exkluzivní postavení úzkosti jako "nejzákladnější" základní nálady. Centrální tezí práce je, že úzkost představuje klíč k Heideggerově celkovému pojetí naladěnosti i k výkladu ostatních základních nálad, zejména hluboké nudy. Předvedení úzkosti jako exkluzivní základní nálady zároveň nabízí cestu k samotnému jádru Heideggerova myšlení - k problému bytí. Klíčová slova Martin Heidegger, rozpoložení, základní nálady, Grundstimmungen, latentní úzkost, explicitní úzkost, hluboká nuda, rozumění bytí, bytí jako možnost, nic, každodennost, autenticita, neautenticita Abstract This master thesis offers a detailed interpretation of the concept of fundamental attunements in Heidegger' s fundamental ontology. Progression through the key texts (Being and Time, What is Metaphysics? and The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics) retraces the evolution of this concept and captures its often overlooked complex structure. This account emphasizes the different roles of...
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St. Augustine on Pride: Ilusion of Pride and Breaking Trough
Bezoušková, Alena ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
(in English) According to Augustine, to be proud means to aspire to a position which belongs to God. That is, to not admit one's dependence on God and to misunderstand one's relationships towards others. In my thesis I analyse the experience of one who becomes proud and stays in a sin of pride as well as someone who overcomes pride. Pride appears when a man starts to see himself as a source of his goodness. A sin of pride is accompanied by a false image of oneself and of the world and also by an inability to reflect on one's poverty. Only when pride manifests itself in an act is it possible for a sinner to admit and overcome it. This is because the acts of the proud have different results than he expects. They lead to his humiliation. I devote the most space in my thesis to the manifestation of pride in actions and their consequences. To better understand this process, I present an analysis of Augustine's interpretation of three biblical stories, in which, according to Augustine, pride manifests. This analysis also shows that the manifestation of pride in an action doesn't necessarily have to lead to overcoming pride in the proud.
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Design of Irrigation System for Home
Němec, Václav ; Hůlka, Tomáš (referee) ; Šoustek, Petr (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to design and implement an Arduino-based home irrigation system with the ability to view and control the system through a graphical user interface. Individual components, communication were selected and control programs were created. The design was adjusted to a particular object. The solution was developed using the Arduino IDE development environment, where controlling programs for individual modules were created. A web server was created to view, control and collect data using the Flask framework in the Python programming language with the PostgreSQL database. This system was tested on a test system and demonstrated the desired and correct behavior.
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Johannes Climacus: Truth between lunacy and sanity
Melzmuf, Jiří ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
The main aim of this thesis is an analysis of the concept of subjective and objective truth in the works of Søren Kierkegaard published under the pseudonym Johannes Climacus. In the course of the analysis, the author shows that an appropriate understanding of the concept of truth is conditioned on the explanation of the structure of existence as a contrasting synthesis. Further, the authors focuses in his analysis on the manner in which this concept of existence eliminates the possibility of the system of being. As to this, Kierkegaard finds an objective inquiry incapable of providing resolutions of essential human problems; thus he turns his focus toward a subjective approach. Subjectivity pertains to human existence and in the form of belief is capable of overcoming doubt rooted in infinite objective reflection. In conclusion, the author investigates Kierkegaardʼs emphasis on the importance of subjective truth which he contrasts with the absence of subjectivity, relating this absence to inhumanity and lunacy.
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Two Conceptions of Thinking in H. Arendt's Writings
Koloskov, Daniil ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Ve své diplomové se zaměřím na pojetí myšlení u Hannah Arendtové. Zejména se pokusím ukázat, že v díle Arendtové jsou přítomny dvě odlišné koncepce myšlení. První koncepce se opírá o komunikaci a svět. Podle této koncepce myšlení vychází ze společného světa a má sloužit k vybudování politických vztahů mezi lidmi. Druhá koncepce myšlení na rozdíl od první tvrdí, že myšlení je podle své definice mimosvětskou činností a nemůže sloužit k politickým účelům s výjimkou mimořádných případů. Porovnání těchto různých koncepcí myšlení bude uskutečněno na základě analýzy další mentální schopnosti člověka - soudů. Budu hájit tezi, myšlení ztratí možnost a schopnost pronikat do společného světa, protože schopnost soudů přebírá řadu funkcí, které dříve vykonávalo myšlení.
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Jesus or Caesar? The Concept of the Democracy in the Light of the Reflection of T. G. Masaryk's and C. Schmitt's Political Thought
Bergmann, Dominik ; Kouba, Petr (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
Keywords: democracy, humanity, violence, absolutism, discussion, decision Thomas G. Masaryk was a supporter of humanism and humanist democracy. Carl Schmitt criticized such conceptions. In this thesis I would like to show that their different attitudes are an effect of different foundational concepts in their political thought. Masaryk believed that political philosophy wasn't nothing else than zoology, if it hadn't morality in her foundations. Schmitt saw the starting point of every true political theory in violent characteristic of human being. For Masaryk the democracy is in the end a moral ideal, the humanity, by which human beings abandon all the violence and they resolve all their potential conflicts by the discussion. I will show in this thesis, that moral equality of human beings cannot be proper foundation of democracy and that Masaryk demands too much to make possible to realize his democratic vision. The democracy in Schmitt's view is an authoritative violent regime where the individuality should be totally suppressed and a political relevance of the morality too.
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The Relation of Instrumental Form of the World and Labour
Kreisinger, Jonáš ; Růžička, Jiří (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
This paper deals with how the instrumental form of the world is conditioned by the specific form of labor in capitalism. The discussion of a historian and a philosopher Moishe Postone and a Frankfurt School representative Max Horkheimer was used for this analysis. Postone criticizes Horkheimer because of his use of a transhistorical concept of labor, which is unable to explain why the world in capitalism (modernity) is being rapidly instrumentalized. However, Horkheimer's analysis is able to explain the reason why the instrumental form of the world is changing in course of capitalism, which is a perspective Postone's theory lacks. The paper shows that labor in capitalism is a source of instrumental form of the world. However instrumentalisation itself is more of the form of the world appearance. The appearance of the world is in a marxist philosophy conceptualized as an ideology, or in the case of Marx himself by the concept of commodity fetishism. The integration function of an ideology is in the conflict with disintegration function of instrumentalisation on this level of reality.
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