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The analyse of Charollais catlle breeding
Šebestová, Eva ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The aim was to create a literary recherche about breeding of meat breeds and add to it a small rating sample of selected indicators of meat production in the selected Charolais herd. The values were determined based on regular weighting coming out of a yield control (birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days of age). The results were processed into charts and tables disaggregated by sex to be clear.
The theoretical part is dedicated to the analysis of a breeding of Charolais meat herd. It focuses on the description of housing in summer and winter, nutrition of cows throughout a year, mating and calving of cows, general organization in a herd.
The monitored herd of Charolais meat breed belongs to the agricultural company, which is located in Telč near Jihlava. The main business is crop and livestock production. Crop production is mainly focused on cereals, oilseed rape and maize silage. In livestock production dominates breeding of a Holstein breed and milk production. Meat herd is located in the village Rozsíčka, which lies near Telč.
At the time of observation were in the herd in total 37 pieces, including 29 cows and 8 heifers. In a calving season 37 calves were born alive and a weighing was done on a total of 35 pieces in all age categories. From this number were 17 heifers and 18 bullocks.
Based on detected data individual weights were compared and leveled within the herd by sex and then compared with averages of an evaluated yield control over the country.
The average birth weight for heifers was 37 kg, which coincides with the national average of 37.4 kg and the average birth weight for bullocks is exactly equal to the average in the country, namely 40 kg.
The average weight recorded by heifers at 120 days of age was 176 kg and 186 kg by bulls. Both values are above average compared to the whole republic. At 210 days of age heifers with the average weight of 267 kg and bulls with 282 kg are below average of the republic. Daily gain from birth to 210 days of age was by heifers 1.1 kg and 1.16 kg by bulls.
Furthermore, number of births were avaluated in each month. Heifers were born mostly in April from the whole period, a total of 10 pieces. By bulls a number of births is distributed evenly among all months compared to heifers. Overall, it can be determined that the greatest frequency of calving falls on the first third of summer feast, especially on April.
From the results is meat yield of the herd rated as above average. The main influence on the achieved values has a culling which is consistently performed for fertility, easiness of births, milkiness of mothers. Further, from a smaller herd point of view it is assured enough of quality food throughout a year.
From a reproduction point of view a very long period of time falls on a calving and that impairs an organization of a breeding.
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Indicators of influence on the reproduction of the level and quality of milk production
Poláčková, Barbora ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to evaluate research of reproduction indicators on the level of milk production and the quality of the milk on selected farm. Materials for processing thesis were obtained on Oldřich Poláček´s Farm Hole. Mr. Poláček´s farm is located in Central Bohemia and manages 380 ha of arabe land. The farm bred Holstein cows, for now there are 190 dairy cows of this breed.
The indicators of milk production and reproduction were observed from 2013 to 2015. Results of the observed farm were compared with results of milk yield of Holstein cattle breeders association in the Czech Republic.
The data were analyzed and statistically processed using SAS 9.3 (SAS / STAT; 9.3, 2011). To determine the basic parameters of the files were used MEANS procedures and UNIVARIATE.
Evaluation of milk yield and indicators of reproduction was based on the results obtained from the recorded milk production of cows done by Holstein cattle breeders association and stable computer system AFIFARM. To evaluate the data were used 104 dairy cows, which had last two standardized lactation completed in the test years from 2013 to 2015 and 121 dairy cows, which had the first standardized lactation completed in 2014 or 2015.
For the milk yield were evaluated parameters of kilograms of milk per lactation, kilograms of milk per day, fat (%), protein (%) milk, depending on reproduction (days open, calving interval, age at the first calving) and lactation order.
Milk yield on the farm in 2015 was above the national average in Czech Republic. For dairy cows with the first lactation was up to 8 536 kilograms per standardized lactacion, for dairy cows with second lactation was up to 10 928 kg, and for dairy cows with third and more lactation was up to 10 864 kg. The average content of 3,71% fat and 3,28% protein.
The influence of lactation negatively impacted % protein (r = -0.278). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0.001). The highest protein content was on the first lactation 3,40%, and lowest in the fifth lactation 3,20%.
Statistically failed to demonstrate the influence of the order of lactation on the milk yield per standardized lactation, kilograms of milk and % of fat content.
The positive effect was shown between milk yield per lactation in kg and daily milk yield in kg (r = 1). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0,001). The lowest daily milk yield on the first lactation was (30,24 kg) with the production of 9223,06 kg of milk and the highest on the third lactation (47,43 kg) with the production of 14466,76 kg of milk.
Increasing of milk production per lactation had a negative effect on the % of fat content (r = -0,137), and % of protein content (r = -0.196). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0.05). With increasing milk production declined % of fat content and % of protein content.
Statistically failed to demonstrate the influence of the milk production per lactacion on the open days and the calving interval.
Effect was demonstrated between the % of fat content and protein content in % (r = 0,501) at a level of significance (P <0,001). With increasing of fat content in%, increased also the the protein content in %. The lowest protein content (3,20%) was with a 3,66% of fat content. The highest protein content (3,40%) was with a 3,68% of fat content.
Age at first calving of dairy cows negatively impacted on % of the fat content of milk (r = -0,186). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0,05). With age increasing at first calving declined % of fat content in milk.
There was also demonstrated a connexion between the standardized lactacion and days open (r= 0,227). Conclusiveness was on to the level of significance (P <0,05). With open days increasing the amond of milk per lactacion was higher.
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The observation of reproduction trans on the chosen farm
Uherko, David ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
The aim of this bachelor's thesis was the creation of a literature research about the given issue and further demonstration of its practical evaluation of reproductive indicators on the selected farm. The survey was carried out in company ZEAS Březná a.s., farming in the Olomouc region, Šumperk district. In 2015, this company bred 670 Czech Fleckvieh cows and 355 heifers of the same breed.
The methodology was based on the monitoring of reproductive indicators relating to cows at livestock production centre in the village Březná and heifers stabled in the village Písařov, within the years of 2013, 2014 and 2015. I was monitoring quantity of inseminations, pregnancy after 1st insemination, pregnancy after all inseminations, service period, intervening time, insemination index and non-return test. The data were gained from the reports about inseminations and pregnancy rates, deadlines for performance control and farm evidence.
In the process of the comparison of the results achieved with a population of Czech Fleckvieh cattle bred in the CZECH Republic breeding reaches the above-average values for the entire reporting period in the percentage of pregnant heifers and cows. In 2015 there even was a certain reduction of the insemination interval and service period in relation to the population. Only the interim for the entire reporting period was longer. The observed (group of) cows reached the average pregnancy after the 1st insemination by 48.4% with cows and 66,3% with heifers. Indicator of pregnancy rate after all inseminations got to 49.6% with cows and 61,1% with heifers. Value of the insemination interval ranged within 79.3 days, service period was reaching the length of 121 days and the interim 301,6 days. To conceive one breeding female cow required 1,9 inseminations. For heifers an average of 1.56 inseminations was needed. Milk performance was 7058l of milk per lactation.
While making the research milking parlor was going through a modernization, due to which the farm accepted new technologies for the identification of dairy cows, and monitoring of the rut (the so-called vitalimetr). This system should help to improve the reproductive indicators. Then the question remains, how will these new technologies help in the breeding and how they will affect the reproductive indicators.
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The consequence of milk recording in dairy cattle breeding
Pokorná, Kamila ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
This thesis is elaborated a detailed review of literature to illuminate the importance of milk recording in breeds of dairy cows, which illustrates the benefits of milk recording for breeders. The emergence of milk recording in the Czech Republic dates back to 1905, when it began milk recording carried out by the Danish model. From the beginning of the milk recording was not met with such great success. Over time, the importance of milk recording in the Czech Republic grew. Patronage over milk recording over the years was taken by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR), which includes the Czech Republic since 1992. The milk recording in the Czech Republic is performed using several methods. Official method A and unofficial methods B and F, wherein the method A is divided into A4-P, A4-A and A4-T. Milk recording in the Czech Republic is performed only properly educated personnel, who takes sample in individual farms. After sampling, the samples are transported and subsequently processed in laboratories for analysis of milk. Results of milk recording are important for the monetization of milk and breeding organization. The results of many years of breeding work, the main base are just the results of milk recording, were the reduction cows and increase milk production. Only the number of cows in lactation period from the year 2005 to 2014 fell by 50,636 dairy cows. To reduce dairy cows occurred precisely because of the increasing milk production. Larger quantities of milk milked from each cow meant that there was no need for such a large amount of dairy cattle. Milk production from 2005 to 2014 increased on average by 1,477 kg, which is the result of breeding work. Importance of milk recording is currently mainly breeding again. Results of milk recording are used to select animals and to organize and manage the herd. Results of performance tests are also used in numerous researches.
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Effect of internal factors on milk production and quality
Zvonař, Miroslav ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The theoretical part of my bachelor's thesis was focused on describtion of milked breeds of cattle and its breeding technique and technology, as well as diet and feed. I was trying to expleain effect of some inner factors such as genetic factors, health condition, reproductive indicators, lactation number and mastitis, on milk production and its quality. In practical demonstration, held in the Meclovska zemědělská Ltd. company on the farm Srby, the influence of these inner factors on milk production and its quality was observed.
Firstly, the research was focused on milk constituents proportions: protein, fat percentage and the number of somatic cells. Secondly, it was focused on performance evaluation during normal lactation, the age of the cattle when first calving, meantime, insemination interval and post partum interval. Data were found in the cattle performance inspection results from January 2015 to December 2015.
On this particular farm Srby, there are circa 660 cows of the Holstein cow breed. In this reported period the average volume of milk was 10 400 kg during normal lactation with the percentage of proteins 3,44 % and 3,84 % fat. The average amount of somatic cells was 354 thousand in 1 ml of milk.
Randomly chosen group of 100 pieces of cattle was selected for further research. The group was divided into two groups of 50 pieces of cattle. In the first group there were 50 first calf cows and in the second group there were cows on the second or higher level of lactation. The first group of first calf cows managed to produce in average of 9 521 kg of milk with 3,86 % of fat and 3,36 % of proteins. The average amount of somatic cells in 1 ml of milk was 72 thousand. In the second group consisted of cows on second or higher level of lactation, there were different results as the average milk production was higher 11 790 kg with average of 3,75 % of fat and 3,35 % of proteins. There was significantly less somatic cells in 1 ml of milk. The result was surprisingly great with 46 thousands somatic cells in 1 ml of milk.
First calf cows during the first calving were 741 days old on average. The average insemination interval in the first group of first calf was 72 days long and the average post partum interval was 102 days long. In the second group of cows on higher lactation level the average meantime was 396 days. The average insemination interval was 80 days and the average post- partum interval was 117 days, which is quite long and it could be implying to bad result, but we should consider high efficiency of observed dairy cows.
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Analysis of Holstein dairy cow breeding
Váchalová, Veronika ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the breeding of Holstein dairy cattle within the system of intensive agriculture. The first chapters summarise the history of the breed, its origins and utilitarian purpose. The following chapters describe the systems of stabling, feeding and milking. The main factors affecting the economy include the quality and production of milk, as well as reproduction of dairy cows.
The practical part is engaged in the evaluation of reproduction and milk production at the farm in Tlumačov, which belongs under the Mrákov collective farm in the district of Domažlice. The farm had 239 cows of the Holstein breed in 2015. Their results were evaluated on the basis of milk utility control sheets for the period from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. I divided the monitored herd into 3 groups: cows in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation. I focused on the comparison of the total milk yield, milk fat content, protein percentage and number of somatic cells in all three groups. The results showed that the average milk yield of the entire herd for 2015 was 10,064 kg with an average fat content of 384 kg (3,81%) and milk protein content of 328 kg (3,26 %). As for the number of somatic cells, the average value 130,000/ml achieved by the farm in Tlumačov is very good. The best results were achieved by cows in the 1st lactation, with the average value of 70,000/ml. Their milk therefore is in compliance with the highest quality requirements.
Reproduction was evaluated by basic parameters. The results showed that gravidity after the first insemination reached satisfactory values for heifers as well as cows. Although the service period was shorter than optimal, according to various literary sources it is tolerable. The insemination index for heifers was evaluated as very good. Cows also achieved a good result in this parameter in 2015.
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Relationship between dairy cows´ physical activity and conception rate
Pytlík, Jan ; Stádník, Luděk (advisor) ; Toušová, Renata (referee)
The objective of this study was to create a comprehensive compilation of Czech and foreign scientific literature related to the subject of the thesis. Compilation of literature deal with fertility of cattle and factors which affect fertility. Other chapters discuss Czech Pied cattle, reproduction (anatomy and estrus cycle), estrous and relation between physical activity and conception.
Farm researches and subsequent evaluations were part of this bachelor thesis. An information about identification number, date of calving, lactation number, date of insemination, insemination number, period of the highest walking activity, conception, milk yield on the first 100 days of lactation were recorded for each insemination event on 2 farms in Plzeň Region from 2nd November 2015 to 27th December 2015. This data were collected from farm records, herd management softwares and milk recordings. Data on physical activity were obtained from farm management softwares AfiFarm and Westfalia. An information about overall performed 134 inseminations events were collected on farms Zemědělské družstvo Dobříč and Příkosická zemědělská a.s. The data were processed in Microsoft Excel. The aim of research was to evaluate relationship between walking activity, time of insemination and conception rate.
The investigated sample of cows was divided into 3 groups according to time of highest walking activity in relation to insemination. Cows of group period 1 had their highest walking activity more than 6 hours before an insemination. Animals with highest walking activity during less than 6 hours before or less than 6 hours after an insemination were put into group period 2. Highest walking activity more than 6 hours after an insemination led to integration of cows into group period 3.
The best results were correlated with cows in the group period 1. Animals in the group period 2 rank among second best success rate. The lowest results of conception rate are connected to group period 3.
Better reproductive results were found on the farm Zemědělské družstvo Dobříč. Despite comparative difference in obtained reproductive results of each farm the overall average results were comparable with figures of population.
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Prevention of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts in milk of cows
Lebedová, Šárka ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stádník, Luděk (referee)
This thesis focuses on a mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary glands in herds of dairy cattle and the somatic cells in milk.
At the beginning is described mammary gland and milk composition. After characterization of mastitis and their differentiation by typical symptoms, ie subclinical and clinical forms. Mastitis are among the highly costly disease of cows, because of the economic consequences, which include negative changes in quality of milk, decreased milk synthesis, the financial cost of veterinary treatment and drugs, higher intensity decommissioning cows from the productive group. Following is an overview of pathogens and characteristics of the most common causes of mastitis. Described are also immune function of the mammary gland and mechanisms that occur in the mammary gland during penetration of pathogens whose mission is to destroy microorganisms. They describe the three main risk factors: pathogen external environment, cows, whose interaction is a precondition for the onset of inflammation. The following is an overview of preventive measures, which include milking teat disinfection, housing, nutrition, drying off cows and the possibility of selection for resistance to mastitis. Then there are methods for the diagnosis of mastitis, which detects the number of the somatic cells, the concentration of enzyme and lactose. Further described is the treatment of sub-clinical, clinical mastitis and prevent the occurrence of resistance to antibiotics.
The conclusion is devoted to somatic cells, which are mostly made up of white blood cells and epithelial cells. Among the factors influencing the quantity of somatic cells include: pathogens and the level of infection, milk production, age of cows and stage of lactation influence the seasons etc. Most of the somatic cells reflected the presence of pathogens in the milk, it causes inflammation, which is accompanied by migration of white blood cells from blood in milk.
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Analysis breeding of Holstein cattle
Matěnová, Lenka ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The aim of bachelor´s thesis was to carry out the analysis of Holstein cattle farming in a selected farm. I carried out the analysis in Agricultural corporation Svobodné Company that farms in Hradec Králové region in the district town of Trutnov.
The company farms about 925 hectares of agricultural soil. Arable land is on 529 hectares and 400 hectares is for permanent grass cover. The main content of crop production is forage produce for livestock farming. Livestock farming is aimed at the red Holstein cattle farming. The herd was made by crossbreeding in 1996 from the Czech Straka. There are 270 milch cows in this company.
The first part is focuded on the theoretical interpretation of milch cow farming problems. I focused on the characteristics of breed, efficiency, reproduction, technology of milking and lairage, nutrition and feeding and the most common milch cow´s health problems. The monitored period was from October 2014 to September 2015. Data were derivated from the efficiency monitoring.
During the monitored period was closed up 253 lactations set by the norm. The efficiency was 8 677 kilograms of milk with 4,44 % of fat and 3,51 % of proteins. Heifer milked 7 630 kilograms with 4,81 % of fat and 3,56 % of proteins. The milking house is designed as 2 x 8 by the Farmatec Company, with twice a day milking. The average efficiency for connected milch cow was 24,4 kilograms, for contolled milch cow 26,5 kilograms of milk. The problem is the high value of the body cells and cloven hooves problems are connected to it. There is more than 10 % of milch cows where the limit has overcome one million of the body cells. High body cells are occured by the calved heifers as well that should be decreasing the other way around. These are not able to compensate mammary gland destruction. That is the reason of their efficiency decrease. In February cooperation with Eurofarm Company started to improve milch cows preparations and the hygiene before milking. There is a bacteriological screening for resistence to antibiotic once a year.
Another problem is reproduction results. Success rate in the process of calf pregnant was 29,7 %. The insemination interval was 73, intervening time 402 and service period 122 days. The intervening time length is suitable. It is necessary to realise that these cows are high utility milch cows these are suffer from the risk of NEB (negative energy bilance) in a few first weeks. That´s why they work into from the 60th day. In the end of the lactation period they milk over 25 kilograms. It is the reason for longer intervening time.
Heifers are worked into for the first time in 14 months.
Health state of the herd is at a high level quality. Calves mortalities is beeing kept below 2 % in the long term. There is a long time bad health state of cloven hooves by the milch cows. The most frequent diseases are ulcers and dermatitis. These diseases hurt cows and the pains influence the utility and the rutting symptoms in a negative way.
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Ethology of sheep
Smolová, Markéta ; Fantová, Milena (advisor) ; Toušová, Renata (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to give the readers a closer look on the topic of ethology of sheeps. The aim was to record and evaluate all available data of the behavior of sheep depending on climatic conditions, livestock and provide a view into this issue.
Sheep and goats are oldest domestic species on the planet. Sheep farming has its own specifics, which farmers must respect. A good indicator of suitability or unsuitability of applied breeding technology, health and welfare are their behavior.
Thesis deals with the ways of grazing techniques and their suitability for sheep. It describes the factors that affect sheep. It focuses mainly on grazing which is most suitable, because it satisfies behavioral and physiological needs of the sheep as well and minimizes work and increases yields. It also deals with individual life manifestations of sheeps such as food intake and excretion, rumination, walk, rest and sleep. Sheep spends all day with these particular acts. The thesis focuses on the reactions of stress, stress factors and possible alternative solutions to eliminate stress factors. There are also important the social and sexual behavior. Sexual behavior is crucial factor for fertility and birth rate, which is the main factor of economic profitability. Large part of the thesis is devoted to the relationship between ewes and lambs during their lives. It describes the lactation process, ewe behavior to the lamb, lamb playful behavior and weaning. Part of the thesis is devoted to comfort behavior and thermoregulation. The last part deals with the sensory properties of sheeps- sight, hearing, smell, taste and sense of touch.
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