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Neutral genetic variability and structure in chamois populations in Slovakia
Hájková, Andrea ; Zima, Jan (advisor) ; Kotlík, Petr (referee)
The Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica), an endemic mountain ungulate, occurs in the High Tatra Mts. (northern Slovakia and southern Poland). In the second part of the 20th century several chamois introductions occurred in Slovakia: Tatra chamois (from the High Tatra Mts.) were introduced into the Low Tatra Mts., while Alpine chamois (R. r. rupicapra) into the Veľká Fatra and Slovenský raj Mts. The High Tatra Mts. population underwent several population declines (bottlenecks) and all other Slovak populations were founded from only a few individuals (founder effect). Moreover, because the Low Tatra, Veľká Fatra and Slovenský raj are neighbouring mountain ranges, there is a potential risk of migration and hybridisation between the subspecies. Using 18 microsatellite loci, we studied neutral genetic variability, structure and potential hybridisation in chamois populations in Slovakia. The study is based on 193 samples: 95 tissue and 5 blood samples, and 88 faecal and 5 hair samples. Low genetic variability was found in all populations, the lowest one in High Tatra Mts. population. High values of fixation index, the number of private alleles, and factorial correspondence analysis indicated strong differentiation between the studied populations. Bayesian clustering divided Slovak chamois...
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Interspecific hybridization in Acrocephalus warblers.
Majerová, Veronika ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Kotlík, Petr (referee)
Acrocephalus warblers have gone through the adaptive radiation during last severalmillion years, which gave rise to thirty one species occupying mainly Eurasia,Africa and Australia. The majority of species are morphologically very similar,however, they differ in ecological requirements, migration strategy, and song.Interspecific hybridization seems to be quite common among Acrocephaluswarblers, not only between sister species, but also between more distantly relatedtaxa. The main goal of this study was to determine whether this hybridization leadsto gene flow between species and which factors affect the rate of interspecific geneflow. For this purpose we conducted population-genetic analysis in three Europeanspecies of the Acrocephalus warblers of the subgenus Notiocichla: reed warbler (A.scirpaceus), marsh warbler (A. palustris), and blyth's reed warbler (A. dumetorum).Our results based on the analysis of sequence data from eight nuclear loci indicate,that gene flow between the studied species occurs, but only in one direction. Thegene flow is higher between genetically more related species than betweenecologically more similar species. We also estimated that the reed warbler and themarsh warbler diverged approximately 1,1 million years ago. The blyth's warblerand ancestor of the reed and marsh warbler...
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The Social Construcion of Mental Illness - Historical Changes during Middle Ages and Early Modern Times
Sklenařík, Pavel ; Paulíček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kotlík, Pavel (referee)
The present thesis deals with the phenomenon of madness in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. The author describes the function of madness in the context of each historical period by way of examining the historical development of the social status of the mentally ill. Various aspects of insanity as well as distinct characteristics and qualities of lunatics persons, such as gender, assets, or the actual level of mental disorder, are taken into consideration in order to demonstrate the consequently differing approaches of the sane to the insane and vice versa. The result of the historical process of the formation of the society's stance towards the lunatics and insanity in general is then transferred to the present where the discussed processes are demonstrated on real examples. Insanity is viewed through the prism of social constructivism. In line with the view that insanity, as a social construction, is a product of discourse, one of the present work deals with the dispute on the right of defining insanity whose result influenced the inception of psychiatry as a discipline as well as the current attitude of the society with respect to insanity.
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Notions of after-life and meaning of death in Zuni society
Ručková, Eliška ; Řezáčová, Vendula (advisor) ; Kotlík, Pavel (referee)
Bachelor's thesis called Visions of the afterlife and the importance of death for the Zuni Indian tribe is trying to provide a comprehensive view of the funeral rituals and death beliefs among the selected society of the Puebloan Indians. At first, I try to outline the historical background of the development of the Zuni tribe, along with a brief description of the manner of life and religion and its changes, especially under the influence of Spanish conquerors and Christian religion. After that I am trying to put topic itself into this outline. The paper also briefly deals with selected myths that are one of the main sources of ideas about the afterlife among Zuni for this thesis. The thesis devotes most attention to the afterlife along with funerary ritual. The main objective of this work is both to see how ideas about the death of Zuni reflect their society, and what is meaning of death for them. The paper strives to show that importance of death is in the context of maintaining the unity of a society that is so typical for this tribe.
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Genetic variability in the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) in Czech Republic
Starcová, Magda ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Kotlík, Petr (referee)
The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) (hereinafter EGS) is under the Law on Nature Protection and is included as a critically endangered into the Red List of Endangered Species. In the Czech Republic, which represents the northwestern border of the species range, EGS currently occurs on 34 localities, which are relatively small and isolated from each other. The spread of this species to central Europe was connected with neolithic deforestation. Disjunctive type of distribution of EGS was caused by strong decline of its abundance during the second half of the 20th century due to changes in field management, fragmentation of landscape and other factors. It can be expected that this process left traces on the genetic structure of EGS populations. The major objective of this study was a detailed analysis of genetic variability of EGS populations in the Czech Republic and searching for corelations with available data about its biology and demography. It was used 13 microsatellite loci and in total were processed 408 samples from 27 localities in CZ and 3 samples from one Hungarian locality as an outgroup. With aid of various methods, details of substructure and diferentiation of individual populations, genetic variability, degree of inbreeding and geographic distribution of genetic variability...
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Molecular phylogeography of the tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lajbner, Zdeněk ; Kotlík, Petr (advisor) ; Flajšhans, Martin (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) is a valued table fish native to Europe and Asia, but which is now widely distributed in many temperate freshwater regions of the world as the result of human-mediated translocations. Spatial genetic analysis applied to sequence data from four unlinked loci (introns of three nuclear genes and mitochondrial DNA) defined two groups of populations that were little structured geographically but were significantly differentiated from each other, and it identified locations of major genetic breaks, which were concordant across genes and were driven by distributions of two major phylogroups. This pattern most reasonably reflects isolation in two principal glacial refugia and subsequent range expansions, with the Eastern and Western phylogroups remaining largely allopatric throughout the tench range. However, this phylogeographic variation was also present in European cultured breeds and some populations at the western edge of the native range contained the Eastern phylogroup. Thus, natural processes have played an important role in structuring tench populations, but human-aided dispersal have also contributed significantly, with the admixed genetic composition of cultured breeds most likely contributing to the introgression. I have then designed novel PCR-RFLP assays...
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Promethean technology: Discourse analysis and narrative construction of meaning
Kotlík, Pavel ; Kandert, Josef (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
Cílem práce je porozumění významu propojení současných a revolučních technologií s mýtem "O Prométheovi". V teoretické rovině jejich metaforické propojení považuji za heuristický nástroj sociální racionality, která má přisoudit realitě určitý smysl, má alegoricky vyjevovat na první pohled nezjevné významy moderních technologií. Představuje také imaginární vztah lidí k "reálným" podmínkám jejich existence, které se zároveň reflexivně ustavují. Prostřednictvím diskurzivní analýzy a analýzy narativní konstrukce, přistupuji k analýze mýtu v oblasti biotechnologií, jaderných technologií a technologie vzdělávání. Zde na základě historického významu mýtu odhaluji dva režimy vyprávění mýtu o technologii - triumfální (triumf) a katastrofální (spád). Oba plní důležitou úlohu v oblasti mocenských praktik. Triumf a spád se reflexivně opakují v různých technologických oblastech na základě narativní konstrukce ze strany aktérů - jsou diskurzivními formacemi. Aktéři těchto diskurzů vybírají vhodné paralely ze dvou metaforických částí, mýtu i technologie, aby vyhovovaly reprezentacím adekvátním smyslu jejich ideologie. Skupinovým vyjádřením těchto ideologií vznikají i tzv. prométheovská společenství. Diskurzivně tvárný, prométheovský mýtus bez místních a časových omezení ožívá i v 21.století. Metafora je součástí...
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Preventive and remedial conservation methodology for the collection specimens falling within palaeontology and mineralogy endangered by sulphide degradation products
Sklenář, Jan ; Ekrt, Boris ; Sejkora, Jiří ; Kolesar, Peter ; Gazdová, Zuzana ; Malíková, Radana ; Nohejlová, Martina ; Kotlík, Petr ; Novák, Michal ; Ďurovič, Michal ; Říhová Ambrožová, Jana
The methodology is a complex system of procedures involving experimentally verified as well as modified already known methods, completely novel procedures, and their combinations. Many technologies as well as materials are employed for the first time in this field. Modifications of the existing methods bring either effectivity improvements, invasivity reduction or both. This methodology is the very first to cover all phases of the collection material treatment from acquisition to final storage. The methodology structuring follows logical succession of procedures. The theoretical chapter summarizes grounds of the degradation process, materials endangered with sulphide degradation and products of it. Area maps of types of sulphides labelled by process of origin, and a map of high-risk Czech localities are also involved. This introductory chapter is followed by part devoted to methods of field work and early care, suitable preventative collection care, and procedures of the remedial care. A special remedial care chapter for paper-documentation is also involved. This chapter is followed by instrumental methods useful for detection of degradation products and their influence on specimen condition. A separate part focuses on suitable ways of documentation. The safety-hazards chapter closes the methodology. The methodology is equipped with a list of references and flow diagrams helping the user to find the suitable procedure fast and easily. The methodology project was supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic under NAKI DF12P01OVV031.
Fulltext: nusl-203643_3 -  PDF
Slides: nusl-203643_1 - PDF; nusl-203643_2 - PDF; nusl-203643_4 - PDF; nusl-203643_5 - PDF; nusl-203643_6 - PDF
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Dlouhodobá péče o sochařská díla a díla uměleckých řemesel z kamene v krajině
Novotný, Jiří ; Lesniaková, Petra ; Halda, Josef ; Kaše, Jiří ; Kotlík, Petr ; Štaffen, Zdeněk
Předkládaná metodika byla vytvářena v letech 2012-2015 v rámci řešení projektu NAKI č. 27 vedeného pod názvem „Dlouhodobá péče o sochařská díla a díla uměleckých řemesel z kamene v krajině“ financovaného MK ČR. Podkladem pro vypracování této metodiky je mnohaletá restaurátorská a pedagogická činnost doc.Jiřího Novotného akad. soch. na FR a na řadě významných památek, mezi nimiž sochařská výtvarná a architektonická díla zhotovená z kamene, zvláště z pískovce, zaujímají významné místo.
Na tvorbě metodiky se podílel kolektiv odborníků složený z různých oborů participujících na péči o památky: P. Lesniaková, R. Tišlová, P. Dvořák, J. Halda, J. Kaše, P. Kotlík, Z. Staffen. Metodika se na interdisciplinárním základě zabývá postupy, které se v rámci dlouhodobé péče podílejí na poučené přípravě prací na památkách - sochařských a uměleckořemeslných dílech z kamene. Metodiku, která může být základem pro systematické poznání aktuálního stavu památek v jejich historické zprostředkovanosti, které lze využít při identifikaci díla, popisu a zhodnocení závad a postižení možných příčin, jejich vzniku. Získané údaje následně slouží zpracování materiálů pro posouzení přípravy prací na památce, zpracování plánů dlouhodobé péče, přípravy podkladů pro přípravu restaurátorských záměrů a vč. jejich základní koncepce. V metodice je vytvořen systém po sobě jdoucích kroků směřujících k hlubšímu poznání materiálové i výtvarné struktury památky a postižení jejich současných i možných budoucích významů pro nás.
Fulltext: PDF; PDF; PDF; PDF
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