|
Reflections on the Nuclear Taboo in Selected Foreign Affairs Articles Published between 2009-2020 in the US
Konrád, Ondřej ; Pondělíček, Jiří (advisor) ; Smetana, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis examines the reflection of the nuclear taboo in selected Foreign Affairs articles from 2009 to 2020 in the US. The aim is to determine whether there has been a weakening of the taboo during this period or a change in the atmosphere in which the taboo exists. The articles were analyzed using a content analysis method, particularly to determine whether elements of the nuclear taboo were challenged. At the same time, the change in atmosphere in these texts was examined to see whether there was fear or pessimism about the future. Identifying these phenomena is essential, as both may signal a change in attitude towards the nuclear taboo. The main finding of the analysis is that the nuclear taboo is not weakening in the period under review, or rather, the thesis concludes that the nuclear taboo is under pressure and facing significant challenges but is not weakening overall. On the contrary, the change in the atmosphere has been confirmed, as there has been an apparent increase in the fear of nuclear weapons during the period under review, whether due to new proliferation, the arms race, or the threat of nuclear war. The conclusion of this thesis confirms that the nuclear taboo remains an essential factor in international relations, and its maintenance is crucial for the preservation...
|
|
Nanostructured TiO2 as the surface for the investigation of cell behaviour
Poláková, Kateřina ; Urbánková, Kateřina (referee) ; Fohlerová,, Zdenka (advisor)
This thesis deals with the study of cells on nanostructured surfaces of titanium dioxide, which are produced by the electrochemical method called anodic oxidation. The theoretical part is formed by an overview of manufacturing nanostructured surfaces using anodic oxidation method. It mentions the influence of external factors on the geometric parameters of the structure and description of methods of characterization structures. Furthermore there is processed outline of use for biomedical application and the description of interaction of the cell with surface. The practical part includes description of the production of nanoporous and nano-tubular structures made on thin films of titanium by direct method of anodic oxidation on which was studied the influence of external factors. Described a procedure and production of nanorods structures and nanodots generated using alumina template (AAO) which is subsequently carried out the study of the behavior of cells, which includes tests of adhesion, examination of morphology of cells, assays of proliferation and differentiation. Structures are under investigation of the interaction of cells with the nanostructured layer compared with the smooth surface of the titanium dioxide.
|
|
The effect of synthetic modified mRNAs induced proliferation on pancreatic beta cells
Veľasová, Adriana ; Koblas, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bořek Dohalská, Lucie (referee)
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by the loss of pancreatic beta cells due to autoimmune destruction or increased apoptosis. Beta-cell deficiency results in reduced insulin production, which plays an important role in glucose metabolism. The number of beta-cells in the body is one of the main factors that influence the development of this chronic disease. Therefore, it is necessary to find a way by which the number of beta-cells of the organism can be increased and thus the insulin production can be restored in a natural way without any need for the use of insulin infusions. However, the ability of beta-cells to divide decreases with age and is virtually nil in adulthood. The study of the cell cycle, especially the early and late cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, which act as cell cycle regulators, thus appears to be a promising way to restore natural insulin-producing tissues. In order to increase the number of beta cells entering the cell cycle, we focused on studying the effect of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNAs, encoding cyclins type D and cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 on stimulating cell division of isolated beta-cells. We found that transfection IVT mRNAs for type D cyclins in combination with cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 significantly increased the proliferation of beta-cells...
|
|
Induction of beta-cell proliferation by synthetic modified mRNAs encoding cell cycle regulators
Ivanovská, Dana ; Koblas, Tomáš (advisor) ; Černá, Věra (referee)
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with a high blood glucose level over a prolonged period of time. Hyperglycemia is caused by the loss of pancreatic insulin producing beta cells. Diabetes mellitus II is linked with insulin resistence, which can indirectly lead to beta cell deficiency. It logically follows that the replacement or regeneration of beta cells could lead to a successful remission of diabetes. D type cyclins (D1, D2, D3) and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) 4/6 appear to have the potential to induce beta cell proliferation. These proteins are responsible for driving cell mitotic entry. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to verify the possibility of inducing beta cell proliferation via D type and Cdk4/6 synthetic mRNA transfection. In vitro-synthesized mRNA induces short-therm protein overexpression. Cyclins harboring mutations are characterized by a higher protein stability and an increased half-life. The presence of D type cyclins and Cdk4/6 after cell transfection was detected using indirect immunofluorescence. Also a Western blot analysis with subsequent immunodetection was performed. Transfecting rat islet cells with various D type cyclins and Cdk4/6 mRNA combinations has shown to lead to a significant induction of beta cell proliferation. The levels of beta cell...
|
|
Liver cells regeneration in mammals
Ťažký, Timotej ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Onhajzer, Jakub (referee)
Liver cell regeneration is an important biological process that allows mammals to maintain liver function while recovering from liver damage. Liver cell proliferation serves as the primary mode of liver regeneration, which in hepatocytes is activated by the transition from the G0 to G1 phase of the cell cycle. Proliferation is also promoted by non-parenchymal liver cells among which include Ito cells, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids. In a comprehensive analysis of key signaling pathways, it was clearly demonstrated that the Wnt/β catenin, Notch, Hippo, NF-κB, and Hedgehog signaling pathways play a key role in the regulation of liver cell proliferation and differentiation during regeneration. The regenerative potential of the liver is influenced by various factors such as age, extent of damage and health conditions. Additionally, the remarkable regenerative capacity of the liver has clinical implications in the context of liver transplantation, partial hepatectomy and the treatment of liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatitis and hepatocellular or cholangiocellular carcinoma. Modulation of key signaling pathways and identification of novel molecular targets can improve the clinical outcomes of patients with liver diseases or even accelerate the entire process of liver...
|
|
3D models of brain tumors
Fišer, Ondřej ; Novák, Josef (advisor) ; Bohačiaková, Dáša (referee)
Despite intensive research, glioblastoma multiforme remains one of the tumours of the central nervous system with the worst prognosis. The ability of glioblastoma cells to infiltrate brain tissue by forming invasive microtubular structures is stimulated by contact with adjacent non- tumor cells. Intercellular communication and the influence of the extracellular matrix create a specific microenvironment that affects cell signaling, proliferation, differentiation and response to pharmaceuticals. The recurrent form of glioblastoma often displays a much faster progression than the initial disease, which is attributed to the development of resistance to therapeutics and the preservation of the proliferative capacity of some tumour cells. The discovery of the stem- cells ability to self-aggregate in suspension has led to the creation of 3D in vitro models - brain organoids. They are much more complex that the established 2D models and their heterogeneity provides an environment simulating the in vivo state. This thesis aims to describe their use in brain tumour research and techniques for culturing 3D aggregates of neural lineage formed from induced or embryonic human stem cells with respect to their gradually increasing complexity. It also presents methods of addressing issues of hypoxia, organoid...
|
|
Úloha osy PD-1/PD-L1 při infekci \kur{Borrelia burgdorferi} u myší
PALOUNKOVÁ, Anna
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, induces upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint PD-L1 in mice. We studied if the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 axis by neutralizing antibodies influences the proliferation of T lymphocytes and cytokine milieu in imunological synapsis between murine dendritic cells and T cells in vitro.
|
|
Study of adenosine effects on proliferation of BeWo cell line
Papírník, Josef ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Josef Papírník Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Studium of adenosine on proiferation activity in BeWo cell line The placenta is a rapidly developing organ that provides nutrition, protection and environment for the growing fetus. Fetal development is dependent on the supply of nutrients from the mother's blood either by passive diffusion or mediated by transporters. One of the essential nutrients are nucleosides, which are known to promote DNA synthesis and thus the growth of certain tissues. In order to pass across the plasma membrane they need nukleoside transporters (NTs) because of its hydrophilic feature. Additionally Ado takes part in cell signaling. Its wide- ranging effects, including influencing proliferation, are mediated by its binding to adenosine receptors (ARs). The placenta expresses NTs and ARs, which means that it is equipped to uptake nucleosides from maternal blood and has ability to receive signals from the external environment via the adenosine molecule. However, the importance of nucleosides for placental growth has not been investigated yet. The aim of this thesis is to test the effect of nucleosides on the proliferation of...
|
|
Study of adenosine effects on proliferation of JEG-3 cell line
Nguyen, Ngoc Duong ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Jirkovský, Eduard (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Nguyen Ngoc Duong Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Effect of adenosine on the proliferation of JEG-3 cell line Adenosine is a purinergic signaling molecule that is used in nucleic acid synthesis. Transport of hydrophilic nucleosides through the plasma and/or organelle membranes is provided by equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), members of the SLC29A transporter family, and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), members of the SLC28A transporter family. The placenta is a complex and rapidly growing organ. It shows some patterns similar to tumors except for the fact that the placenta's growth is fully controlled. It was found that extracellular nucleosides support the proliferation of cancerous and some non-cancerous cells. The placenta expresses high levels of NTs which indicates the placenta's ability to take up the nucleosides from circulation, however, the contribution of this process to placental growth is known. The diploma thesis aims to test the effect of adenosine and other nucleosides on trophoblast proliferation. We evaluated whether adenosine and other nucleosides increase the proliferation of the choriocarcinoma-derived JEG-3 cell...
|
|
The role of caspase-3 in apoptosis
Kolářová, Karolína ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Anděra, Ladislav (referee)
Caspases provide anti-inflammatory, apoptotic and developmental processes in organisms. They are enzymes with a wide range of activities in all cells, and various pathogeneses can occur if their proper function is disturbed. Since the 1990s, caspases have been a topic of interest for scientists, as their direct link to the triggering of apoptotic processes is a promising possibility for the therapy of diseases related to apoptosis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, but also cardiac ischemia and diabetes. The cascade of apoptotic processes is controlled by the aforementioned caspases, which are located in the caspase cascade. When the cascade is triggered in a cell, it is due to the presence of a "danger" signal, which can be very different. The most well-known triggers of the apoptotic cascade include activated Fas receptor and FasL ligand, cytochrome c present in the cytoplasm, an imbalance of IAPs in the cell, damaged DNA, and many others. Upon receipt of a signal, initiator caspase-2, caspase-8, and caspase-9 are activated, which in turn activate effector caspases-3, caspase-6, and caspase- 7, cleaving many substrates to promote apoptosis. Thus, caspase-3 is the effector enzyme responsible for the actual execution of apoptosis. However, caspase-3 properties are not only apoptotic, it...
|