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The effect of opioids on the immune system
Miniariková, Nina ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Cimermanová, Veronika (referee)
The use of opioids in medicine is necessary as they serve to suppress pain as a part of anesthesia notably during surgical procedures. After that, they help suppress pain during postoperative care and they are also prescribed to patients with chronic pain, for example in the final stages of cancer. However, opioids are among the most abused substances worldwide. The United States of America is facing an opioid epidemic, also called the opioid crisis, which began mainly with the excessive prescription of opioids and their subsequent misuse. It is clear that opioids affect the immune system which has been the subject of many recent studies. Different opioids have variable effects on the immune system. The understanding of their impact on the immune system could mean improvement of health care, and at the same time could present a basis for proposals of new treatment methods for some of the diseases. This bachelor thesis summarizes the available studies dealing with the influence and effects of various opioids on the cells of the immune system in order to better understand their importance and their use in practice. Keywords: opioids, immune system, inhibition, immunomodulation, phagocytes, lymphocytes
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Torque teno virus - a marker of immune function
Řídel, Martin ; Saláková, Martina (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
Anelloviruses are a viral family of small, uncoated viruses with single-stranded DNA genome, in which Torque teno virus belongs. Torque teno virus is highly prevalent in human population and its prevalence is expected to be 100 %. To date, its patogenity has not been confirmed and more, it was discovered that the viral load reflects the immune status. Considering its high prevalence without causing any pathogenity, it is possible its use in clinical practice in monitoring the immunocompetence of patients with transplanted organs but also in patients with chronic viral infections (eg. HIV or HCV) or autoimmune disorders. Thus, Torque teno virus could provide an easy and alternative option for assesing immune status and help monitoring patient's status. Key words: Torque teno virus, immune system, biomarker, viral load
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Applied Artificial Immune Systems
Dolejší, Petr ; Bidlo, Michal (referee) ; Schwarz, Josef (advisor)
This final year thesis introduces the principles and properties of the artificial immune systems to the reader, then abstracts the principles from this knowledge and applies the real artificial immune systems on them. It provides a view at the practical applications that use and extend given ideas.
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Produkce cytokinů v průběhu mastitid skotu
Tylčová, Natálie
The aim of this work was to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory IL-10. The experiment included 20 dairy cows at different stages of mastitis, which came from the Nová Ves agricultural cooperative. 80 samples were totaly taken, from all quarters, from each dairy cow, which were divided into three groups. The first group represented healthy dairy cows, without clinical signs of mastitis, with a somatic cell count of up to 100 000, from 5 dairy cows, that is 20 milk samples. The second group consisted of dairy cows with clinical signs of mastitis and somatic cell counts up to 400 000, from 10 cows, that is 40 milk samples. The third group consisted of dairy cows with somatic cell counts of more than 1 000 000, from 5 cows, that is 20 milk samples. These samples were processed in the laboratory of the Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics at Mendel University in Brno. The concentration of TNF-α and IL-10 was detected by ELISA. The average concentration of TNF-α in the first group was 138.70 pg/ml, in the second group 133.60 pg/ml, in the third group 95.05 pg/ml. The average concentration of IL-10 in the first group was 9.52 pg/ml, in the second group 11.03 pg/ml, in the third group 8.66 pg/ml.
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Circadian system as a modulator of neuroinflammation
Kotková, Eliška ; Spišská, Veronika (advisor) ; Dočkal, Tereza (referee)
The circadian system is involved in the regulation of biological rhythms in physiological, behavioural and immune processes. These rhythms can be found in the central nervous system, including the blood-brain barrier, astrocytes, microglia, and the pineal gland, which produces the hormone melatonin. Neuroinflammation is a complex response of the central nervous system to inflammatory stimuli by rhythmic expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators or by rhythmic regulation of immune system cells. Studies have examined the influence of genes and proteins of the circadian system, suprachiasmatic nuclei, melatonin, and glial cell rhythms on neuroinflammation. Lipopolysaccharide was used to induce neuroinflammation in these studies. Based on these studies, the effect of melatonin on mikroglia and endothelial cells, and the responses of suprachiasmatic nuclei was evaluted as the most important circadian modulator of neuroinflammation. This thesis describes the basic principles of the circadian system and neuroinflammation, with the last section presenting the modulation of neuroinflammation by the circadian system. Keywords: astrocytes, blood-brain barrier, circadian system, cytokines, immune system, melatonin, microglia, neuroinflammation, suprachiasmatic nuclei
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Current knowledge about the influence of the intestinal microbiome on the development, course and consequences of lactose intolerance
Černá, Pavlína ; Tomešová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kohout, Pavel (referee)
The bachelor thesis investigates the current knowledge about the influence of the gut microbiome on the development and severity of lactose intolerance, as well as whether and how it can be changed to influence the course of existing lactose intolerance and its immediate and long- term consequences. In the first part of this bachelor thesis I discuss lactose itself and its metabolism, which shows its direct link to the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance (LI) is also described, how it is diagnosed, what it manifests itself as, and what its degrees are. The next chapter discusses the relationship between LI, the gut, and the gut microbiome. First, I focus here on the possible adaptability of the gut, which is mainly determined by the presence of the microbiome. There is also a link between LI and other gastrointestinal disorders in which gut bacteria play a role. The microbiome is a very dynamic population of different types of bacteria, fungi and viruses that can influence the course of lactose intolerance. This can be exploated in the subsequent therapy of LI with probiotics, which are included in part three. The most commonly used probiotic bacteria are representatives of the genus Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. However, probiotics are not the only option for using the gut microbiome...
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Anaphylactic shock in prehospital emergency care
DLOUHÁ, Andrea
The bachelor thesis is elaborated on the topic "Anaphylactic shock in pre-hospital emergency care" and consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part aims to acquaint the reader with the finding of professional sources on the topic of pre-hospital emergency care and anaphylactic shock. It also includes basic information about allergies and immune system function. In anaphylactic shock, it is first defined what the condition is and what shock means in general. Furthermore, the data are focused on pathophysiology - what pathological processes take place in this state in the organism, etiology - causes of reaction, clinical picture - manifestations on individual organ systems, and therapy of anaphylactic shock. The second, practical, part presents the information that was obtained through semi-structured interviews. The interview consisted of 19 questions and the research group consisted of 14 paramedics who worked in the regional centers of the Emergency Medical Service of the South Bohemian Region. The results of the research were analyzed, divided into 8 categories, and broken down into tables. The practical part included two objectives: 1. To map the knowledge of paramedics in the field of anaphylactic shock and 2. To map the progress of paramedics in the RZP crew in a patient with anaphylactic shock. We believe that the set goals have been met and thanks to this it will be possible to evaluate the sufficiency of knowledge of this issue and to look into the procedures that paramedics apply when they encounter a patient in anaphylactic shock in pre-hospital emergency care.
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Molecular mechanisms of morphine action on the immune system
Zeťková, Anna ; Hejnová, Lucie (advisor) ; Vašek, Daniel (referee)
This paper focuses on the molecular effect of morphine, which is widely used for its analgesic and sedative properties. This makes it an important drug for the treatment of chronic and severe pain. In addition to its positive effects, the long-term administration of morphine in particular has its drawbacks, such as the rapid development of tolerance and dependence on it. Other negative effects include constipation, respiratory stagnation or vomiting. These effects are caused not only by the influence of morphine on nerve cells, but also on other cells of the body. This thesis is primarily concerned with the effect of morphine on microglia, which are not only involved in the immune response in the central nervous system, but also have an effect on pain perception or the development of tolerance. This is one of the main areas of research in the field of opioids, therefore, the aim of this thesis is to summarize the findings on the effect of morphine on microglia, which happens mainly through opioid receptors, toll-like receptors and purinoceptors.
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Úloha Adenylát kinázy 1 v aktivaci a metabolismu imunitních buněk larev \kur{Drosophila melanogaster}
KAISLEROVÁ, Nikola
The aim of this thesis was to study the role of Adenylate kinase 1 (Ak1) in the immune system of Drosophila melanogaster larvae upon the infection by parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Using the immune specific Ak1 RNA interference, it was analyzed the effect of Ak1 reduction on the immune response and viability of Drosophila. The importance of Ak1 was also evaluated within the metabolism of immune cells. It has been shown that Ak1 is crucial in energy metabolism of immune cells and important for the proper functioning of immune system.
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Alpha-gal - dvě strany jedné mince
ŠABATKOVÁ, Klára
Ticks are interesting ectoparasites for their ability to modulate the host's defense response. This ability of tick saliva is often exploited by pathogens to increase their transmission. Therefore many researchers focused on identification of molecules in tick saliva and their possible medical use. This thesis focuses on the high natural presence of anti-Gal antibodies in human serum and it's interaction with alpha-gal epitope that is expressed on the surface of some pathogens and mammalian cells. This epitope has been identified in tick saliva and some drugs as well.
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