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Selected Problems of Ancient Economic Thought
ŠPLÍCHALOVÁ, Hana
he diploma thesis, entitled: Selected Problems of Economic Thinkers of Antiquity, is focused on the intellectual contribution left to us by ancient philosophers: Xenophobia, Plato, Aristotle. Before I begin to discuss my observations regarding the economics of the above-mentioned personalities, it was necessary to outline a period in which you will "move" for several dozen pages. The very time of ancient Greece lasted several centuries, so I hope to forgive me for devoting "only" a few pages to it throughout my dissertation. After reading the brief version of ancient Greece, you will get to the main parts of the whole work. Each of the personalities is structured in almost the same way. I focus first on the life and work of the philosopher, his view of the state, and finally his economic ideas; they have this in common. In the case of Plato and Aristotle, one more point is the content of the treatise on how their statements are seen in the eyes of, for example, Karl Marx and other personalities of philosophy and economics. Since it is known that Aristotle was a disciple of Plato, I tried to place the two next to each other and compare their mutual influence ... Last but not least, I must not forget to draw attention to the appendix, which cites some important passages for me (from the works of authors, about which this dissertation is on), on which a significant part of my work stands.
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How can Factors Underlying Human Preferences Lead to Methods of Formal Characterizations towards Developing Safe Artificial General Intelligence?
Al-Nusair, Rana Ghalib ; Špelda, Petr (advisor) ; Butler, Eamonn (referee) ; Biagini, Erika (referee)
This research aims to investigate the Artificial Intelligence (AI) value alignment problem, which refers to the challenge in developing a safe and reliable AI that can achieve our goals and adhere to our values as we intend it to do. A misaligned AI, especially one which transcends all domains of cognitive abilities and has acquired vast computational powers, will be nearly impossible to manage and it will threaten our security. Research addressing this problem is now focused on understanding how to develop AI that can reliably infer our values from our preferences. Thus, preferences are the primary conceptual unit of analysis to the AI value alignment problem. This paper investigates our preferences and seeks to shed light on the issue of obtaining a formal truth that is fundamentally constitutive of our preferences, for the aim of using said formal truth to create a value aligned AI. To do this, this paper gathers data from economics, biological evolution, and neurocognitive studies to bridge the current gaps on the conceptual problem of preferences. The paper concludes with presenting a new kind of security dilemma which stems from the notion of combining a general theoretical framework that fully captures our preferences with the crucial elementof uncertainty inAI, effectively showcasing how...
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Attitudes of Czechs towards U.S. Foreign Policy and Role of America in the World - November/December 2021
Červenka, Jan
75% of Czechs against 15% think that the U.S. in their foreign policy prioritize their own power and economic interests, and 59% against 28% believe that U.S. do not take into consideration the opinion of the world community. According to 42% of Czech citizens the current foreign policy of the U.S. represents a threat to today’s world, while 40% have the opposite opinion. The opinion that in relation to undemocratic regimes the United States is entitled to use military force is shared by 24% of Czech citizens, whereas 64% oppose it.
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Citizens on Situation in the World - November/December 2021
Červenka, Jan
In the November/December survey the Public Opinion Research Centre put all respondents several questions concerning the assessment of the current situation in the world in terms of international relations, economics, security, conflict resolution or solving of global environmental problems.
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Socio - economic impact on self nurses
Štraubová, Kateřina ; Marsová, Jana (advisor) ; Vidovičová, Helena (referee)
This paper discusses the influence of the social and financial awards on the self-assessment of nurses. In the theoretical part I deal with explanation of terms as self-konception, self-respect, prestige and social status of the profession. Since the prestige of the profession influences besides other things historical development of professions, I have been also interested in the history of nursing. To be able to measure the economic effects of self-reflection of the nurses, I compared the amount of the financial evaluation of selected professional groups in the country. In the practical part I have found out nurses' opinion to view their financial assessment with regard to educational achievement and job description and their opinion on membership in a particular social group. I also wonder, as a general nurse assesses the media image of their profession and what is most troubling to him. I also tried to determine what is the most common motivation for general nurses to remain in their profession. For this project, I have chosen the technique of quantitative research, the method of anonymous questionnaire of my own design. Research conducted in the period from 1st October to 15th October 2011. I have distributed questionnaires in the Faculty Hospital Bulovka in Prague, Department of Radiation...
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The position of the tabloid press in Switzerland
Kadaníková, Zuzana ; Köpplová, Barbara (advisor) ; Křeček, Jan (referee)
The thesis "Position of the tabloid press in Switzerland on the example of Blick" deals with the position of tabloid press in general as well as with its development in Switzerland. There is a characteristic of the tabloid press and the necessary economical and social circumstances. The tabloid press is described from the point of view of its signs, form and the way it communicates with the audience. The thesis also describes the history and natural conditions of Switzerland that determinate the development of the press. Switzerland is the country with four official languages that might be regarded as an obstruction to the print media (for example Italian is spoken only by 6.5% of the total 7.785.000 population) on the other hand there is a potential of specialized audience and therefore custom made titles. The third chapter deals with the history of tabloid press in Switzerland on the example of the publishing house Ringier. The tabloid daily Blick has been a part of its portfolio since 1959 (circulation 214.880, audience according to Ringier 628.000). Ringier is one of the most powerful players on the media scene of Switzerland. The last chapter describes the general trend of the change of media towards tabloid type, the trend is supported by the Swiss media quality research done at Universität Zürich.
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Religion and Economics in the Works of Classical Sociologists
Mitriková, Petra ; Havlík, Radomír (advisor) ; Kubišová, Zuzana (referee)
This master thesis seeks the relationship between religion and economics in the works of some classics of sociology. The goal of this thesis is to find out if and to what extend religion and economy in these classics influence and relate with each other. From sociologists I focused on Max Weber, Karl Marx, Georg Simmel and Werner Sombart. The first chapter deals with sociology of religion and serves as an introduction to the issue religion in sociology. The second chapter concerns with Max Weber, the third chapter is about Karl Marx, the fourth about Georg Simmel and the fifth about Werner Sombart. The sixth chapter is an overview of other sociologists who deal with sociology of religion and in works of which it would be possible and interesting to search for the connection between religion and economics.
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The "Croatian Spring" and its Interpretations
Poche, Sebastián ; Šístek, František (advisor) ; Tejchman, Miroslav (referee)
The paper deals with analysis of the mass movement, later becoming known as Croatian Spring. It was protest movement which took place in Croatia in the sixties and seventies. The paper also analyses stances and opinions of the leading reform politicians from the League of the Communists of Croatia, such as Vladimir Bakarić, Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo. The attention is also given to the interpretations of the movement. The structure of the paper consists of short introduction of the Croatian Spring then it moves to sixties in order to explain the reform movement which even gained the approval of the Josip Broz Tito. The shift of the reforms, to those which had touch of national aspect stirred quarrels within the LCC and cause division of the LCC. Mass support across whole Croatia from the public pushed Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo in decision to carry on with the reforms and demands towards Belgrade. The escalation of the situation forced Tito to finish his support and forced liberal leaders to resign from the LCC. Mass arrests and expulsions immediately took place after.
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The Politics of International Sanctions and their Influence on Economy of Particular Countries - Case of Russia and Iran
Poč, Marek ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Miková, Ivana (referee)
Sanctions are one of the ways in which individual states or the international community can enforce their rights and interests. They can vary from banning travel to boycott and embargo affecting the entire country's economy. The sanctions have recently been practiced primarily by the European Union and the United Nations, and by the United States in case of particular countries. The topic of this work is international sanctions against Russia and Iran. Both countries have been in conflict with the international community in recent years, and both countries were punished. In the case of Iran, there were concerns about the use of the Iranian nuclear program for military purposes, the main objective was to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. Russia has been the subject of sanctions as a result of violations of international agreements and international law on the basis of the occupation of the Ukrainian Crimea and the development of the military conflict in the East of Ukraine. The thesis describes the reasons, course and impact of sanctions imposed on Iran and Russia, the Iranian and Russian economies and their representatives. At the same time, it seeks to assess the impact of sanctions both in the economic sphere and in terms of changes in the political direction of both countries.
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