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Development of the mammal assemblages during Quaternary climatic changes
Havlová, Tereza ; Mazuch, Martin (advisor) ; Nývltová Fišáková, Miriam (referee)
During the Quaternary there was a cyclical alternation of warm and cold periods - interglacials and glacials. Over the past 2.5 million years there was eighteen or twenty these cycles. These climate changes influenced by, except other, Milankovic cycles caused at sea level, extent of glaciation or distribution of vegetation zones. All these factors affected the communities of mammals, their distribution, migration and extinction of some groups of mammals. Area of continental and mountain glaciers expanded as well as levels of the ocean decreased during the glacials. Many species of mammals penetrated into new territory with the emergence of land-bridges a mammals from isolated areas could interact during cold periods. There was a retreat of glaciers and sea level rise and the migration routes through the land bridges was interrupted during the interglacials. Many, mostly island, populations were isolated and they were often developed to new endemic species. Key words: glacial, interglacial, climate changes, distribution, migration, extinction
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Long-term changes in winter and spring runoff in mountain catchments in Czechia
Klinkovská, Simona ; Jeníček, Michal (advisor) ; Vlach, Vojtěch (referee)
Climate changes occurring on Earth influence most of the natural processes. This also includes snow storages which have been decreasing in many mountain regions over the last decades. Besides increasing air temperature, changes in snowfall fraction, snow storages and snowpack duration also occur. For snow dominated mountain catchments, runoff timing from snowmelt is essential. Due to air temperature increase, runoff occurs earlier. Additionally, evapotranspiration increases as well. This thesis summarizes current knowledge regarding snowpack and runoff changes in mountain catchments. It further analyzes changes in 14 Czech mountain catchments over a 50-year period (1965-2014) using a Mann-Kendall trend test which identifies trends in selected time series. The trend analysis was followed by quantification of trends using Sen's slope estimator. The results showed that the day of 50% of total annual runoff occurred earlier in all catchments. Increased winter runoff was found in the Krkonoše catchments. Significant and extensive negative trends were detected in May for most of the catchments. There were almost no significant trends detected in the Beskydy catchments. Key words: snow, snowmelt runoff, trends, climate changes
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Long-term changes in snow depth and snow water equivalent at selected mountain stations in Czechia
Kožíšek, Matěj ; Jeníček, Michal (advisor) ; Nedělčev, Ondřej (referee)
Long-term changes in snow depth and snow water equivalent at selected mountain stations in Czechia This bachelor's thesis deals with the topic of long-term changes of snow cover in the peripheral mountain ranges in the Czech Republic. The first part is a research of foreign and czech literature dealing with changes in the parameters of snow cover depending on climate change and the consequences of these changes on various components of nature. The second part of the work consists of the analysis of climatic data from stations located in the peripheral mountains of the Czech Republic in the period of hydrological years 1980-2014. The mountains included in this research include Šumava (Churáňov, Lenora and Husinec), Jizera Mountains (Bedřichov and Desná), Krkonoše (Harrachov), Orlické Mountains (Deštné and Rokytnice v O. h.) and Moravskoslezské Beskydy (Lysá hora). The statistical Mann-Kendall test is used to evaluate trends. Changes in snow cover have a significant impact on the functioning of many landscape processes and on the life of the population in terms of future water availability and recreation.
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Holocene climate changes in the High Arctic
Prochová, Dominika ; Vondrák, Daniel (advisor) ; Roman, Matěj (referee)
Climatic changes are nowadays frequently discussed subject in the scientific, political and public sphere. For better understanding of their causes, development and possible impacts is one of the basic prerequisites for investigating such anomalies, that have taken place in the past. In natural archives, it is possible to find records not only about their parameters but also about the mentioned impacts - ecosystem changes, earth surface's geomorfological transformartions or the impact on human society. The most studied period of geological time is Holocene. It is about the most recent period and we currently live in its third stage. Thankfully, due to relatively sufficient knowledge of its climatic anomalies we are able to study the climate's contribution with enough complexity to valorize the currently much observed global warming, witch is often connected to human activity. The Arctic is probably the most sensitive place to climate changes on the planet. The warming, that is currently observed around the globe, is there noticeably higher - by the end of the 20th century, the average annual temperature increased twice as fast. The aim of this thesis is, in the form of literary research, to describe and examinatie the climate development in high Arctic areas, potencially the most sensitive...
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Climate change impacts on snow storages and spring runoff in the Vydra river basin
Cuřín, Vojtěch ; Jeníček, Michal (advisor) ; Šípek, Václav (referee)
Climate change impacts on snow storages and spring runoff in the Vydra river basin Abstract As a result of increasing air temperature, the fraction of precipitation falling as snow decreases. This affects snow cover indicators including snow cover duration, snow cover extent and the amount of water that accumulates in snow cover during winter. These changes further propagate through local runoff process and alter winter and spring runoff. The impacts of air temperature warming of 1℃, 2℃ and 3℃ on the above-mentioned indicators were simulated using a conceptual catchment runoff model HBV-light. Multi- criteria calibration, based on functions describing the goodness of fit of simulated runoff and snow water equivalent (SWE) values was performed. The temperature change scenarios were derived using the delta-change method from reference dataset 1980-2014. The indicator changes were evaluated for 5 elevation belts of the catchment as well as for the catchment as a whole, so that the observed alternations of snow cover indicators could be related to the modelled alternations of runoff. The changes in snow cover characteristics based on these simulations include a decrease of snowfall fraction, shortened snow season, decrease in average and maximal SWE values, and the shift of the average day of year of SWEmax to...
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Landscape Management of the Part River Basin Bečva
Klvaňová, Markéta ; Syrovátka, Oldřich (advisor) ; Svobodová Kaiferová, Dagmar (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the landscape of the part of the Bečva river basin and to find out problems with the drainage conditions due to the persisting problems with floods and droughts. Based on the acquired knowledge about the landscape and human activity, the most vulnerable parts of the area were selected, with priority being given to revitalizing activities. The tools for revitalization of the landscape are complex land arrangements (hereinafter referred to as KoPU). The work determined insufficiency in their implementation and therefore possible changes to the procedures of the KoPU implementation process were proposed. The proposed procedures include cooperation with landscape and water management experts who are able to identify landscape problems, propose effective measures, and provide consultations to individual municipalities. In addition, community-led processes have been proposed to contribute to positive public approach to revitalization and overall awareness of environmental issues. The proposed KoPU implementation procedures, including land remedy (also with landscape improvements), should help to stabilize the water regime and to reduce the negative impacts of the climate changes.
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Analysis of the zone of recent deglaciation, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Juřicová, Anna ; Vilímek, Vít (advisor) ; Burda, Jan (referee)
The master thesis is focused on analysis of the zone of recent deglaciation in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Geomorphological mapping that had been realized based on interpretation of the satellite data and field reconnaissance was used for interpretation of main geomorphological features and processes of the selected glacial valleys. Glaciofluvial processes and mass movements are the main processes that affected the relief in the recent period. Major differences in landforms presence and distribution have been found between the studied valleys. The main differences are between valleys located on the western side and eastern side of the mountains. Number of different sediments of different types have been identified on the western side, whereas no evidence of such sediments was found on the eastern side. These differences are probably caused by differences in geology and climatic conditions. Finally, a general sediment flux model on the information gained from the geomorfologic analysis has been created and shows space distribution of geomorphological features and processes. The analyses of the satellite data show different visual characteristics of the rocks, which has been confirmed during field works using Schmidt Hammer method. The results suggest that the rocks that have been exposed for longer time due...
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Impact of volcanic activity on environment and climatic conditions during geological history of the České středohoří Mts.
Zajícová, Jana ; Kvaček, Zlatko (advisor) ; Teodoridis, Vasilis (referee)
The influence of volcanoes on climate is very often debated, not only in the scientific community. However, the question remains, how much may the volcanic activity contribute to the significant ganges, that could cause a response of environment, which lies in the immediate vicinity. These changes could arise as a response on prolonged exposure of the negative influence, which would last much longer than decades, like it is at present. From this reason the situation in the České středohoří Mountains, where the volcanic activity lasted for several million years during the Paleogene period, is studied. This area is extraordinally rich in deposits of so-called volcanic floras, which accompany the neovolcanic activity. The age of the localities are between late Eocene to late Oligocene and it is a long time enough for recognizing some changes in the floristic composition to help elucidate the given problem.
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The effect of temperature on plant growth: teaching protocols of model experiments
Máhrlová, Zuzana ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Mourek, Jan (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on the creation of model tasks (by means of an experiment) for the study of biology at secondary schools and concerns the effects of temperature on plant growth. The selected tasks utilize the new didactic approach by means of the so called inquiry based education. This method of teaching contributes to the development of individual deduction reasoning and encourages the students to actively think about the subject matter. The thesis provides the necessary theoretical background for the topic together with the description of methods and material needed for the conducting the experiments. Furthermore, the thesis describes the necessary instructions and procedures to conduct the experiment and its use in the secondary school teaching practice and presents the requisite methodical guidelines and worksheets for them. Simultaneously, the thesis verifies the didactic applicability of the experiment and the worked out materials through a questionnaire survey and monitored application of the model tasks at secondary schools. The main result of this diploma thesis is a modern, functional and verified method of teaching for high school about the effects of temperature on plant growth in accordance with modern approaches to education, which include own experiments, their...
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Development of the mammal assemblages during Quaternary climatic changes
Havlová, Tereza ; Mazuch, Martin (advisor) ; Nývltová Fišáková, Miriam (referee)
During the Quaternary there was a cyclical alternation of warm and cold periods - interglacials and glacials. Over the past 2.5 million years there was eighteen or twenty these cycles. These climate changes influenced by, except other, Milankovic cycles caused at sea level, extent of glaciation or distribution of vegetation zones. All these factors affected the communities of mammals, their distribution, migration and extinction of some groups of mammals. Area of continental and mountain glaciers expanded as well as levels of the ocean decreased during the glacials. Many species of mammals penetrated into new territory with the emergence of land-bridges a mammals from isolated areas could interact during cold periods. There was a retreat of glaciers and sea level rise and the migration routes through the land bridges was interrupted during the interglacials. Many, mostly island, populations were isolated and they were often developed to new endemic species. Key words: glacial, interglacial, climate changes, distribution, migration, extinction
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