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Trade disputes between EU and USA in the WTO
Skladchikova, Anna ; Grmelová, Nicole (advisor) ; Levý, Jan (referee)
The European Union and the United States of America are the world's largest trading partners, not only among themselves but also with other states. Due to the increasing volume of their mutual trade, the number of disputes that arise between these business partners is growing, and that is why the question of regulating bilateral trade relations between the EU and the US is becoming more and more sensitive. This paper provides an overview of trade disputes between the European Union and the United States of America and a mechanism for their solution at the World Trade Organization to assess the possibility of adopting preventive measures that could prevent the future emergence of trade conflicts or facilitate settlement of disputed controversial situations.
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Úloha Svetovej obchodnej organizácie pri rozvíjaní hospodárskych reforiem a výkonnosti frankofónnej Afriky
Gajdošová, Annamária ; Štěrbová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Zamykalová, Miroslava (referee)
This Master thesis is aimed to provide a theoretical framework of the application of Special and Differential Treatment in the countries of Francophone Africa from time perspective. How did they evolve and what progress they generated in the last century. The first chapter is to mention the economic and political featurs of the Francophone Africa countries and to identify why the membership in the WTO is important for advancement that they were able to achieve during the last decades. The second chapter classifies the WTO pillars in providing economic cooperation for developing countries. This section also describes the special provisions of WTO giving developing and least developed countries exclusive unilateral rights. The third chapter distresses the implementation of the WTO trade development instruments in Francophone Africa. This section will acknowledge the significance of the The Bali Package and November 2014 decisions. What is more, it will present the implications of Special and Differential Treatement in two biggest countries of Francophone Africa: Mauritania and Tchad. Significant point of this Master Thesis is the need for greater cooperation, coordination, and coherence among all nations of Francophone Africa. The challenge for them is not to create a new mechanism, but to get all of the existing mechanisms to work together more effectively to achieve their common goal.
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Mezinárodní obchod a rozvoj
Drgoňová, Petra ; Štěrbová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Halík, Jaroslav (referee)
This bachelor thesis addresses the position of developing countries within international trade, introduces the major advantages and disadvantages of free trade, and highlights some of the international organizations that assist developing countries in the achievement of better economic standing. The first part concentrates on the current position of developing countries within world exportation and importation and indicates the main positive and negative effects of trade liberalization policies on developing countries. The second part identifies key development aspects of the World Trade Organization, while focusing on special and differential treatment, less-than-full reciprocity, and the initiative Aid for Trade. The last part of this thesis emphasizes the role and most distinctive operations of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development that relate to the advancement of developing countries.
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The Analysis of Economic Relations between the USA and China with a Focus on Foreign Trade
Homolka, Jiří ; Bolotov, Ilya (advisor) ; Čajka, Radek (referee)
This bachelor thesis analyzes economic relations between the USA and China. The aim of this thesis is to analyze economic relations between the USA and China with a focus on foreign trade. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to trade policy and its instruments, furthermore there is an introduction to the World Trade Organization. In the second chapter, the economies of the USA and China are introduced using the development of different macroeconomic indicators since the beginning of the millennium. The third chapter is about the roles of the USA and China in international trade and their commodity and territorial structures of foreign trade are compared. The fourth chapter is about economic relations between the USA and China. Trade related problems, channels of cooperation and the trade deficit that the USA has with China are described in this chapter. This is followed by information about the US presidential election in 2016 and the estimate of future developments in US-China trade relations.
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The Trade Policy Review Mechanism: Shedding light on non-compliance?
Rosendorf, Ondřej ; Parízek, Michal (advisor) ; Karlas, Jan (referee)
This thesis examines the notion of monitoring mechanisms and their ability to identify non-compliance. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) of the World Trade Organization constitutes the main focus of analysis. The purpose of the thesis is to improve the current empirical account of the functioning of the mechanism, and to examine the extent to which the mechanism is able to detect rule violations before they are taken up to the court, as well as factors affecting this ability. From theoretical standpoint, the thesis draws mainly upon rational institutionalism and other approaches related to notions of transparency and compliance. In particular, the thesis focuses on the concept of the so called information systems in international regimes. As regards methodology, the thesis relies on the method of content analysis the purpose of which is to procure empirical evidence of occurrence of matters related to non-compliance in trade policy reviews. Thus procured empirical evidence is then subjected to statistical analysis, including logistic regression. The thesis finds that TPRM covers surprisingly large number of matters that later become subjects of judicially confirmed rule-violations at the WTO. As much as 72% of the matters that are eventually taken up to court are mentioned in trade policy...
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Dispute resolution within the framework of WTO
Martinec, Tomáš ; Balaš, Vladimír (advisor) ; Tymofeyeva, Alla (referee)
This thesis, entitled WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism focuses on the issue of direct effect of WTO law with respect to the possibility of private persons to claim damages in case they are affected by the retaliatory measures adopted by the injured WTO-member in response to the violation of WTO rules perpetrated by their government. In connection with the aforesaid, the thesis compares the approach of the United States of America with the one of the European Union. Given the fact that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice regarding the issue of direct effect of WTO law has undergone substantial development, the thesis also analyses the jurisprudence and its outcomes. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one introduces the dispute settlement procedure before the Dispute settlement body under the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. The thesis focuses on particular stages of the procedure before the DSB and introduces the particular actors of the dispute settlement mechanism. The first part consists of three chapters, first of which deals with particular actors, second defining particular stages of the procedure and third focusing on the stage of implementation of DSB decisions. The second part that is also divided into three chapters...
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TTIP: Why did the negotiations start as late as 2013?
Karl, Václav ; Kozák, Kryštof (advisor) ; Fiřtová, Magdalena (referee)
This thesis' focus is a free trade agreement between the European Union and the United States of America called the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The main goal of the thesis is to answer the question of why the negotiations began as late as 2013. The thesis touches on the issue of regionalism; therefore it presents a short introduction on this topic in the beginning. It then follows to the Second World War and by chronologically analysing the trade relations between the EU and the USA it describes the factors which led to the negotiations of TTIP, as well as those that called them off. Among these main factors it primarily mentions the failure of multilateral negotiations within the WTO and various interest groups on both sides of the Atlantic, mainly trade and consumer organisations. Furthermore, it mentions the Great Recession of 2007 and the decline in the influence of the United States and the European union on the world geopolitical scene. The thesis also analyses which of the mentioned factors were relevant at certain moments and in individual cases, as well as if it shifted the negotiations back to the start. The whole thesis is written from the american perspective on this issue and it takes the european one into consideration only in the cases of dispute. In the end, it...
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The Doha Round of Negotiations in the World Trade Organization: Selected Countries' Positions
Rožnovská, Veronika ; Parízek, Michal (advisor) ; Miková, Ivana (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on international negotiation within the World Trade Organization, particularly on position of least developed countries during negotiations in the Organization. Due to weak negotiation positions of least developed countries, it is advantageous when their interests are protected by states that have more economic influence. For the abovementioned, the goal of this thesis is to discover which economic power shares interest with the least developed countries whether India or China. To achieve a conclusion, analysis of ministerial speeches from WTO Ministerial conferences is conducted. Opinion statements of the states are evaluated according to topics states focus on in the speeches - depending on the length of the text dedicated to the topic and expressed degree of liberalization. Subsequently, using the Weight Euclidian Distance positions of the states were identified and the distances among them were stated. The results show that China's opinions are closer to the least developed countries than India's. The crucial difference is most noticeable on the issue of special and differential treatment for developing countries, which China strongly promotes. Furthermore, it is observed that China's opinions are closer primarily to African nations.
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Dispute Settlement System in the World Trade Organization, developments and future prospects
Černý, Dalibor ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Kunz, Oto (referee) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
The subject matter of this dissertation entitled "Dispute Settlement System in the World Trade Organization, developments and future prospects" is to examine dispute settlement system in the world trade, since the establishment of the World Trade Organization's predecessor - the GATT, until now. Besides the historical introduction into the area, the dissertation provides a comparison of these two consecutive systems and their main goals. Using available corresponding case law provided by panels and the Appellate Body, this dissertation covers the procedures and principles based on which the dispute settlement system currently stands. The secondary but not less important topic are the developing countries, their role in the system and inequality of the system related thereto. This inequality of the system lies mainly in the compliance issues. The dispute settlement system includes certain remedies in order to enforce the decisions and recommendations of the respective tribunals, but it is fair to say that they are not effective enough and tend to favour the developed countries. This dissertation also tries to find the solutions to the listed problems, mainly from the perspective of a proper compliance.
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China's Accession to the World Trade Organization: Case study of U.S.- China trade disputes
Carhounová, Kristýna ; Fiřtová, Magdalena (advisor) ; Sehnálková, Jana (referee)
The subject of this bachelor thesis is the case study of U.S-China trade disputes under the World Trade Organization (WTO) after China's accession to the WTO. Firstly I will briefly outline the US-China relations from 1949 to 2001. I will then focus on China's incentives of becoming a part of the multilateral system and the impact of China's accession to the WTO on US-China trade. Second part concentrates on the development of foreign trade between the US and China as well as on the structural problems of Chinese economy that prevents China from doing smooth business with the US. Appreciation of China's currency renminbi, huge trade deficit of the US, complicated access to the Chinese market and many others are all among the problematic areas. Even though China has pledged to fulfill a whole range of commitments, it doesn't always abide by the rules. Some of the cases mentioned often cause friction between China and its trading partners, including the US, which are often brought to the Dispute Settlement (DS) under the WTO. Following a brief outline of the DSM, I will then focus on the China's evolution in the Dispute settlement system. During the first years of China's membership in the WTO, the members rarely challenged China before the court. However, after the end of China's five-year...
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