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Association of fatty acid composition in serum and / or adipose tissue lipids with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in obese subjects of different age categories
Metelcová, Tereza ; Kunešová, Marie (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Štich, Vladimír (referee)
Obesity is a chronic disease that is caused by many factors. Excessive adipose tissue is involved in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Prevention of cardiometabolic risks includes lifestyle arrangement, including an increased intake of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In additional to lifestyle factors, genetics factors also significantly contribute to influencing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In study A, we monitored 670 subjects (336 girls and 334 boys). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS1 gene (rs174546, rs174537) was assessed using real-time PCR and then we determined the spectrum of fatty acids (FAs). The results show that SNPs in the FADS1 affect the efficiency of synthesis by affecting the activity of delta 5 desaturase. Abnormal FAs composition can affect cardiometabolic health. Study B examined a cohort of 215 individuals (131 women and 84 men) who participated in both rounds of the Childhood Obesity Prevalence And Treatment (COPAT) project. The individuals were divided into two groups: BMI≤25 kg/mš and BMI≥25 kg/mš. This model was evaluated regardless of sex because the variable sex did not correlate significantly with the variable weight status. The percentage of adipose tissue was used as the second parameter. The second parameter...
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Xenobiotics in Food and their Effects on the Human Health
Šeflová, Iva ; Müllerová, Dana (advisor) ; Derflerová Brázdová, Zuzana (referee) ; Králíková, Eva (referee)
(Xenobiotics in food end their effects on the human organism) One of the exposure pathways to xenobiotics in humans is food intake. Most of xenobiotics are lipophilic substances cumulating in the organism, especially in the adipose tissue. If their intake is long-term and excessive, they have negative impact on human health. Eating habits, identification, analysis, and management of risks stemming from foods are important from a prevention perspective. The adipose tissue influences the distribution and especially accumulation of xenobiotics in the organism. Whether substances stored in the adipose tissue are able to affect adipogenesis and physiological functions, remains unclear. Since obesity-related dysfunctional and inflamed adipose tissue is associated with systemic inflammation, ectopic fat deposition, and multiorgan dysfunction, resulting in cardiometabolic complications of obesity; this knowledge would be immensely valuable. The study focused on the basic pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of adipocytes, specifically, the study of risk and protective factors. From preventive factors, the effect of phytoprotective substances with antioxidative potential was studied. Among the risk factors, we concentrated on the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POP's). We observed exposure to...
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Psoriasis and Its Comorbidities. Mutual Relationship of the Disease and the Process of Aging.
Borský, Pavel ; Fiala, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Dlouhý, Pavel (referee)
Psoriasis vulgaris (psoriasis) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the skin. The pathogenesis of psoriasis involves a combination of genetic and epigenetic modifications with a significant influence of environmental factors. The disease is characterized by papulosquamous lesions with hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, angiogenesis and dysregulation of the normal immune response leading to chronic inflammation. Excessive activation of parts of the adaptive immune system is thought to be a central factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. More severe forms of psoriasis tend to be associated with other diseases (comorbidities). These include metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease and psychiatric disorders or uveitis. Many of these comorbidities show a significant association with age (the biological process of human aging). Aging is a process of gradual decline in the body's abilities and functional capabilities. It is a universal process with a considerable degree of variability that is characteristic of all higher animals. Among the theories describing aging, the theory of accumulation of damage, which integrates the previously known mechanisms of aging, is currently dominant. The theory is based on the fact that during pathophysiological processes,...
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Psychological factors of weight loss in patients after bariatric surgery
Zajícová, Markéta ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Král, Pavel (referee)
Title: Psychological Factors of Weight Loss in Patients after Bariatric Surgery Author: PhDr. Markéta Zajícová Department: Department of Psychology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts Supervisor: PhDr. Tamara Hrachovinová, PhD. Abstract: Obesity with its comorbidities has enormous impacts on the life of the individual as well as the whole society. Therefore, the attention is paid to the treatment of obesity, where bariatric surgery appears to be one of the most effective. The surgical solution offers excellent results in terms of weight reduction in the short- and medium-term period, but the increased number of weigh gain cases appears in long-term perspective. The aim of this thesis is to find out whether any of the psychological factors that are included in the psychological assessment prior to the bariatric surgery, can predict the development of weight after the surgical procedure. The research is retrospective and quantitative; it focuses on monitoring variables from psychological assessment as well as weight development from the time of the surgery to 4 years after the surgery with intervals of 3, 6, 9 months and 1, 2, 3, 4 years. Attention is focused not only on the weight itself, but also on the weight change (compared to the initial weight and the comparison between consecutive...
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Influence of nutritional factors on the outcome of weight reduction program -predictors of weight loss
Hlavatá, Karolína ; Hainer, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Sucharda, Petr (referee)
How far will be a weight reduction successful depends on numerous factors. We focused on genetic, nutritional, hormonal and psychobehavioral factors which may significantly affect weight loss. Among nutritional factors a special attention was paid to the role of intakes of dietary calcium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In subsequent studies the predictors of weight reduction. In a pilot study (study 1) the effects of dietary calcium intake in 208 overweight or obese subjects who underwent comprehensive weight management programme on weight loss were evaluated. The results of the pilot study showed that the weight loss significantly correlated with the changes in calcium intake - with increasing calcium intake higher weight loss was achieved. In the second study we investigated the effect of various forms of calcium supplementation on anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and psychobehavioral parameters in a cohort of 67 overweight or obese perimenopausal women. We did not find any effect of calcium intake on weight loss. However, groups with calcium supplementation exhibited smaller decline in fat-free mass (FFM) compared with the placebo group. Calcium supplemented groups also demonstrated significant reductions in hunger scores. In the studies 3, 4 and 5 predictors of weight reduction were...
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Effectivenes of cognitive-behavioural treatment applied in courses of weight reduction related to cognitive and behaviolal factors
Moravcová, Lucie ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Derflerová Brázdová, Zuzana (referee) ; Fraňková, Slávka (referee) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee)
The Czech Republic is from the early 90 years, reducing rates of overweight in CBT applications, which the company operates STOB Mgr. Iva Malkova. According to available information has not been done until now no research in these courses chartedabove the influence of selected cognitive factors on changes in body weight and also to monitor the change in energy intake (behavioral factor). The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between selected cognitive factors (self-efficacy - and with respect to the general dining behavior and physical activity, self-esteem, personal causal orientation restrictive way of eating behavior) and changes in body weight. At the same time the respondents will track changes in energy intakeduring therapy. The study is to verify the reliability of the Czech version of the WELquestionnaire (Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire), PSQ (Physical Self-Efficacy Questionnaire) and extended range of restrictive behaviors related to food, based on a questionnaire TFEQ (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire).
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Prevention of postural defects in the population
Langmajerová, Jana ; Müllerová, Dana (advisor) ; Novák, Jaroslav (referee) ; Dlouhý, Pavel (referee)
This dissertation aims at verifying methodology used for somatographic evaluation of the shape and statics of the spine. The potential of the methodology verified lies in increased objectivity of upright body posture evaluation and thereby contributes to the specification of preventative measures for postural defects, and their consequences. Under a cross-sectional pilot study, a non-invasive somatographic method-a diagnostic DPT-3 system designated for spine shape diagnostics-was used to examine selected biomechanical parameters (spinal curves and statics in the sagittal plane in the upright position) in a total of 508 probands. Of this, 326 were school-age children and 182 adults. Among the key parameters monitored were: Cl (depth of cervical lordosis); LI (depth of lumbar lordosis); the sagittal balance of Cl/Ll, and VThk (distance of the peak of the thoracic kyphosis from the ideal verticals-IV). A questionnaire was used to evaluate the level of movement activity in probands and the relation between the occurrence of painful back and headaches and the measurement of biomechanical parameters and movement activity. A total of 81.3 % of children and 94.5 % of adults were found to have deviations from the biomechanically ideal posture model, which signals a postural defect. The values of the Cl (p...
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The role of GH/IGF-1 axis components in the etiopathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in type 2 diabetes mellitus and acromegaly
Toušková, Věra ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Saudek, František (referee)
(EN) GH/IGF-1 axis components (GH, growth hormone receptor (GH-R), IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)) participate in the control of glucose metabolism, inflammatory processes as well as cell proliferation and differentiation, including adipocytes and monocytes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of local mRNA expression of GH/IGF-1 axis components in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and peripheral monocytes (PM) in the development of insulin resistance and differences of adipose tissue mass in following groups of patients: obese females with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and subjects with active untreated acromegaly. A total number of 66 subjects were included in the study: obese females without type 2 diabetes mellitus (OB), obese females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), acromegalic patients (AC) and healthy lean control subjects (C). T2DM underwent 2 weeks of very-low- calorie diet (VLCD - energy content 2500 kJ/day). According to our results we suggest that decreased mRNA expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in adipose tissue of T2DM subjects may contribute to changes of fat differentiation capacity and the increased IGF-1R mRNA expression in peripheral monocytes in these patients may play a role in the regulation of...
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Effect of fatty acids on lipid metabolism and weight reduction
Hlavatý, Petr ; Kunešová, Marie (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Flachs, Pavel (referee)
Fat tissue plays a main role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Many components of the metabolic syndrome may be improved by dietary arrangements, including an increased intake of n-3 PUFA. In addition to the positive effect of n-3 PUFA, a possible effect of a higher calcium intake on influencing weight loss and energy metabolism has also been discussed for a long time. In addition to nutritional factors, genetic factors significantly contribute to influencing weight and lipid and glucose metabolism. In study A, 40 obese women were observed during three weeks of weight reduction management. Women were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received yogurt enriched with n-3 PUFA, and the second group consumed yoghurt without the supplementation. The results show that low-dose supplementation with n-3 PUFA in yogurt in combination with a reduced energy intake increases n-3 PUFA content in serum lipids and prevents adverse changes in the composition of FA in serum after a short-term low-calorie diet. In study B, we monitored the influence of n-3 PUFA supplementation on short-term weight management with VLCD in 20 women with severe obesity, who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received VLCD enriched with n-3 PUFA, the second group VLCD with a placebo. The addition of...
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Effect of nutritional intervention on characteristics of adipose tissue in obese
Krauzová, Eva ; Štich, Vladimír (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Taxová Braunerová, Radka (referee)
Obesity is the world's most widespread metabolic disease and its continous rise in prevalence is alarming. The severity of obesity is that it is associated with a significant increase in the risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. Obesity thus contributes significantly to increasing the cost of healthcare system. Preventing the aforementioned diseases is essential to reduce this burden. This is based both on the prevention of obesity itself, on the other hand, on the knowledge and consequent influence on the mechanisms of metabolic disorders associated with obesity. These disorders are based on changes in key metabolic organs: adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas. The present thesis is focused on obesity- induced disorders of adipose tissue at the metabolic, endocrine and immune levels, presented as dysfunctional adipose tissue. Special attention was paid to the detrimental effect of elevated levels of basic macronutrients (carbohydrates and lipids) and, on the other hand, to the beneficial effects of low calorie diets on molecular characteristics of adipose tissue. The acquired knowledge illuminates the mechanisms of action of nutritional stimuli on adipose tissue dysfunction at the molecular and...
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