|
|
Toward Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives
Svoboda, Tomáš ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Starý, Ivo (referee)
Podophyllotoxin is a naturally occurring lignan with a wide range of biological activities, including anti- cancer and anti-viral properties. Total synthesis of podophyllotoxin has been a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis due to its complex and highly functionalized structure. In this work, we present our approach toward the total synthesis of podophyllotoxin using a fully stereoselective strategy. Our approach involves the enantioselective vinylation of 2-bromo-piperonal followed by a stereoselective conjugate addition reaction combined with the addition of methylene unit and a metathesis reaction, that provides starting material for another conjugate addition, which could lead to the target. The key step of our synthesis is the stereoselective conjugate addition of an organolithium to an α,β-unsaturated ester, which leads to the formation of a chiral quaternary center with high selectivity and metathesis that successfully joins parts into the desired cycle. Despite the success of our strategy in achieving the desired stereoselectivity, we encountered some challenges in the subsequent steps of the synthesis, which prevented us from completing the total synthesis of podophyllotoxin. However, our results demonstrate the potential of enantioselective vinylation and stereoselective...
|
|
|
Conjugate Addition Coupled with Enolate Oxidation in the Total Synthesis of Natural Polyphenols
Mašek, Tomáš ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Pospíšil, Jiří (referee) ; Švenda, Jakub (referee)
1 ABSTRACT This thesis describes the development of the concept of C-C bond forming conjugate addition/oxidative cyclisation reactions and their application in the total synthesis of natural polyphenols. The first part deals with the development of methodology for conjugate addition of main- group organometallic reagents to unsaturated carbonyl compounds coupled with in situ single electron transfer oxidation. The resulting radical undergoes stereoselective cyclisation, that can be followed by a second SET oxidation, leading to further cationic cyclisation. This methodology is ideally suited for the synthesis of furoindane stilbenolignans (FIS), a neglected and structurally distinct class of natural polyphenols. Using this process, racemic synthesis of a derivative of kompasinol A was achieved, confirming the relative configuration of FISs. In an effort to develop asymmetric route to FISs, an unprecedented direct conjugate addition of aryllithiums to ylidenemalonates mediated by diethers and diamines was discovered, leading to asymmetric synthesis of gnetifolin F and 11- deoxykompasinol A. Based on X-ray evidence, a related annulation methodology consisting of direct conjugate addition/epoxide opening was shown to result in bridged lactones, instead of isomeric FISs. This finding led to an approach for the...
|
|
|
Tandem Anionic Sigmatropic Rearrangement/Radical Reactions and Their Application Toward the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Šimek, Michal ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Urban, Milan (referee) ; Švenda, Jakub (referee)
The thesis describes the development of unprecedented tandem reactions merging anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement with single-electron transfer oxidation of thus generated metal enolates by ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate. The formed α-carbonyl radicals were utilized in oxygenation reactions by coupling them with persistent radical TEMPO, furnishing rearranged α-aminoxy carbonyl compounds. Suitable reaction conditions and factors influencing the rearrangement aptitudes were determined. The obtained polyfunctional products proved versatile in diversifications by polar reactions producing diverse scaffolds. Furthermore, rearranged α-aminoxy carbonyls with a double bond located in the δ-position of the carbonyl group are applicable in all-carbon 5-endo-trig radical cyclizations governed by the persistent radical effect. Despite the low kinetic rate, this rare cyclization mode furnished a number of substituted cyclopentanes. The reaction scope, including competitive cyclization modes, was studied. The developed methodology was utilized as a key reaction step to synthesize appropriately substituted cyclopentane core in a divergent approach to meroterpenoid fungal metabolites isolated from Ganoderma applanatum. The accomplished synthesis of applanatumols V and W and their epimers enabled the correction of...
|
|
|
1,3-Dialkyl-4,5-dymethylimidazol-2-ylidene Amines as a New Class of Strong Electron Donors in Design and Synthesis of Organosuperbases and Stable Cations
Kunetskiy, Roman ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Hájíček, Josef (referee) ; Kvíčala, Jan (referee)
Roman A. Kunetskiy Syntéza organosuperbazí a stabilních kationtů na bázi 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol- 2-ylidenaminů jako nového druhu silných elektron-donorů / 1,3-Dialkyl-4,5- dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene Amines as a New Class of Strong Electron Donors in Design and Synthesis of Organosuperbases and Stable Cations Abstrakt Byla vyvinuta jednoduchá a efektivní metoda pro zavedení nové silně elektron-donorní 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-yliden aminové skupiny (IMAM) do různých organických molekul za použití 2-fluorimidazoliových nebo 2-chlorimidazoliových solí. Touto metodou byly syntetizovány a studovány tři nové druhy katalyzátorů fázového přenosu a dva nové druhy stabilních nefosforných organických superbazí (SB). Vybrané katalyzátory fázového přenosu se ukázaly velice stabilní vůči hydrolýze za různých silně bazických podmínek. Byla studována velmi vysoká bazicita připravených SB v roztoku či v plynné fázi a bylo zjištěno, že je způsobena aromatizací a uvolněním sterického napětí po protonaci. Byla vyvinuta nová efektivní metoda pro aminaci 1,3-dialkylimidazol-2-ylidenů a tris(dimethylamino)fosfinu terc-butylazidem. Byla určena bazicita nových vysoce stericky bráněných 1,3-di-terc-butyl- 4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidenů, pKBH + (DMSO) = 24.8. Abstract Simple and efficient method for the...
|
|
|
The Combination of Organometallic, Transition-Metal Catalyzed, Radical and Carbocationic Reaction Steps to Domino Processes
Jagtap, Pratap Ramling ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Tobrman, Tomáš (referee) ; Bureš, Filip (referee)
This work deals with the development of methodology, which couples reactive intermediates of varying oxidation states, in tandem sequences comprising 1,2-organometallic addition/transition metal catalyzed isomerization/Michael addition/SET oxidation/radical cyclization/oxygenation steps in the synthesis of highly functionalized carbocycles. Implementation of this sequence being catalytic in the SET oxidant was studied. 1,4-Diketones were synthesized in a tandem 1,2-addition/ruthenium-catalyzed redox isomerization/enolates oxidation/radical dimerization reaction and results were compared with 1,4-diketones formation via oxidative coupling of ketone enolates. The total synthesis of selective tetrahydrofuran lignans from 1,4-diketones obtained in a tandem addition/isomerization/dimerization reaction is also documented
|
|
|
Total Synthesis of (-) - Methoxyestrone
Betík, Robert ; Kotora, Martin (advisor) ; Dvořák, Dalimil (referee) ; Jahn, Ullrich (referee)
English Abstract The new diastereoselective synthesis of estrone precursor and enantioselective synthesis of (-)-methoxyestrone are described in this work. The diastereoselective synthesis was based on 2 Bu2ZrCp2 mediated reactions followed by Pauson-Khand cyclocarbonylation. The sequence of reactions yielded 16-keto-17-methylestratetraene, compound with tetracyclic steroid framework, with excellent diastereoselectivity. Synthesis was finished with chemoselective reduction of the keto group in 16-keto-17-methylestratetraene to furnish 17- methylestratetraene, which is known precursor of estrone. The enantioselective synthesis was based on a conjugate addition of vinylmagnesium bromide to aldimine formed from 1-formyl- 3,4-dihydro-6-methoxynaphthalene and (L)-t-leucine t-butyl ester, which afforded crucial chiral intermediate 1-formyl-3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2-vinyl-naphthalene with very high ee > 98 %. Further transformations led to the construction of alkyl side chain containing triple bond and finally, the Pauson-Khand cyclocarbonylation followed by chemoselective reduction of carbonyl group gave estrone precursor, which was converted to (-)- methoxyestrone according known procedure.
|
|
|
Asymmetric Tandem Lithium Amide Conjugate Addition/Radical Reactions and Their Application in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Hidasová, Denisa ; Jahn, Ullrich (advisor) ; Kočovský, Pavel (referee) ; Míšek, Jiří (referee)
This thesis deals with single-electron transfer (SET) radical processes mediated by ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate and TEMPO and their application in the total synthesis of natural products. Asymmetric aminooxygenation methodology for the synthesis of anti-β-amino-α-hydroxy acid derivatives has been developed by utilizing a highly diastereoselective aza-Michael addition of chiral lithium amides to various α,β-unsaturated esters or amides/SET oxidation/radical α-oxygenation. The potential of this methodology was demonstrated in short total syntheses of the anti-β-amino-α-hydroxy acid fragments of the macrocyclic (depsi)peptides perthamide C and largamide H, and (-)-cytoxazone, which is a selective modulator of TH2 cytokine secretion. The SET-catalyzed asymmetric tandem lithium amide conjugate addition/5-exo radical cyclization/oxygenation reactions were applied in the synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolidines, azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkanes and spiropyrrolidines. An enantioselective total synthesis of the pyrrolidine alkaloid (-)-α-kainic acid was accomplished by employing the SET-catalyzed 5-exo radical cyclization/oxygenation.
|
|
|
Synthesis and reactivity of hypervalent sulfur fluorides
Ajenjo, Javier ; Beier, Petr (advisor) ; Jahn, Ullrich (referee) ; Cibulka, Radek (referee)
The pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) group displays remarkable and unique properties, including large dipole moment, high electronegativity, high thermal and chemical stability, as well as high lipophilicity. However, only a few synthetic methods for the preparation of aromatic pentafluorosulfanyl building blocks have been developed to date. This work aims at improving availability and accessibility of aryl sulfurpentafluoride building blocks. In the first part of the work, the synthesis of aryl sulfurpentafluorides by the direct fluorination of diaryl disulfides with elemental fluorine is described. Nowadays, this synthetic strategy is used by industry on a multi-kilogram scale. However, the scope of the reaction is only limited to 3- and 4- nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes. In this work, the synthesis of various para-, meta- and ortho-substituted-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes following the same approach was carried out. In the second part, the derivatization of aryl sulfurpentafluoride building blocks was investigated. Direct fluorination of 3-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene afforded 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1- (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene. The titled compound was derivatized by two different processes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of fluorine and vicarious nucleophilic substitution of...
|
|
| |
|
|
Direct monitoring of metal-catalyzed reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Tsybizova, Alexandra ; Roithová, Jana (advisor) ; Jahn, Ullrich (referee) ; Kvíčala, Jaroslav (referee)
The current dissertation thesis is focused on the investigation of metal-catalyzed reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as the primary research technique. However, other gas- phase methods such as tandem mass spectrometry, infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations have also been involved to unravel and support the findings and proposals. As organometallic chemistry is a very broad and complicated topic, this thesis is only focused on a few projects. The fist of them is dedicated to copper acetate speciation in organic solvents, the second - to the mechanistic investigation of copper catalyzed aerobic cross coupling of thiol esters and arylboronic acids, the third studied coordination and bond activation of nickel(II) - phenylpyridine complexes and the last investigated carboxylate assisted C-H activation reactions.
|
guest ::
