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Gender and Law
Jará, Nikola ; Agha, Petr (advisor) ; Kosek, Jan (referee)
Gender equality, which encompasses the equal treatment of women and men, is a contemporary issue that concerns us all. Unfortunately, it does not receive adequate attention in the legal framework of the Czech Republic. The legal regulations governing equality and equal opportunities remain insufficient, and the Czech Republic lags behind other European countries in this regard. There is a notable lack of interest and concrete efforts to address gender inequality within Czech society. In theory, women, like men, are granted civil and political rights under the law, including the right to equal pay for equal work. However, in practice, significant disparities persist, especially in the labor market and decision-making processes. One way to promote equality in society is through affirmative action. This thesis delves into the theoretical concepts related to gender equality, discrimination, and affirmative action. It also conducts an analysis of existing equality legislation and the state's gender policies. Additionally, the thesis examines key areas where women face disadvantages and discrimination. It takes into account the social factors contributing to persistent inequality, the influence of gender segregation and stereotypes, and the unequal position of women in public life. The objective of this...
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The Policy of Affirmative Action at American Universities: Perspective of the Supreme Court 1978-2003
Mertová, Viktorie ; Sehnálková, Jana (advisor) ; Calda, Miloš (referee)
U. S. universities often apply affirmative action approach in admissions procedure, that is to say, they give preferential treatment to racial or ethnic minority applicants. There are several reasons for this policy. First, in the 1960s, the federal government instructed all the federal contractors to take an affirmative action to ensure that minorities were not discriminated against. Second, universities attempt to create a diverse student body which is supposed to produce educational benefits and raise the quality of education. The affirmative action programs cause a number of controversies. The opponents argue that the policy discriminates against the majority and therefore violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Many litigations took place in the United States over the course of years, some of the cases were even brought before the Supreme Court. The Bachelor's thesis "The Policy of Affirmative Action at American Universities: Perspective of the Supreme Court 1978-2003" investigates the changes of the Supreme Court's approach to this problem in the period between 1978 (first landmark decision) and 2003, when the Supreme Court dealt with the issue last so far. On the basis of an analysis of the decisions in three significant Supreme Court cases, this paper characterizes the most...
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Approaches to education of socially handicapped children in the Czech republic and in Slovakia
Pekárková, Hana ; Šotolová, Eva (advisor) ; Mlčková, Marie (referee)
This thesis deals with education of socially handicapped people in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. It presents approaches and supporting disposals in both countries. The attention is devoted to actual situation in education of socially handicapped children at various degrees of schools. It describes affirmative actions, such as preliminary classes, education assistants in the Czech Republic or zero grades, education assistants and daylong education system in Slovakia. The thesis also sums up several projects focused on socially handicapped, one project focused on Roma children support realized in the Czech republic, three projects focused on education of socially handicapped, their parents' and educators' support, realized in middle Slovakia in years 2011-2015. KEYWORDS education, social handicap, Roma people, affirmative action, preliminary class, education assistant, daylong education system
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The History and Presence of the Affirmative Action in the USA, in The Czech Republic and other Countries
Štědroň, Jakub ; Uherek, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Brouček, Stanislav (referee) ; Sulitka, Andrej (referee)
The term affirmative action (U. S. English), or positive discrimination (British English) means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, politics and business from which they had been historically excluded. In search for the roots of affirmative action I start at the very beginning of the US history describing institutionalized forms of slavery and later move on to segregation to demonstrate how deep and strong this exclusion was. Since the late 1960s this expression has been used to refer to policies that go beyond the simple prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, national origin and sex in employment practices and educational system. These policies require further actions, affirmative actions, to make jobs and promotions and admissions to educational programs available to individuals from groups that have historically suffered from discrimination in gaining these opportunities or are, whether discriminated against or not by formal policies and informal practices, infrequently found in certain occupations or educational institutions and programs. In an effort to create an unprejudiced picture of this phenomenon of American modern society, I try to open my work for arguments of both sides, the proponents and the...
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Actions aimed at achieving equality and equality before law
Novosad, Matouš ; Kosek, Jan (advisor) ; Urban, Michal (referee)
This Master's Thesis deals with the sociological phenomenon called affirmative action, which has appeared in different forms in many countries during the second half of 20th century. This topic, as rather complex and overlapping fields of more social sciences, is being widely discussed in the society. In some countries, application of affirmative action brings controversy and even division in the communities. This thesis aims to find the substance of affirmative action and compare it with the principles of equality before law. These topics are discussed in their sociological, psychological and legislative dimensions. The analysis stems from examples of particular causes and recent key judicial decisions in the United States of America, the European Union and India, illustrating legal aspects of affirmative action in different regions. Their discussion tries to point out the different dimensions of affirmative action, including the motivations for implementing it in the society and the following public reflections. Author's main concern is targeted to the relation between different aspects of affirmative action and the main elements of the idea of equality before law. Difference between social engineering approaches and good intention of legislator may be very subtle and politically dependent. In the...
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Approaches to education of socially handicapped children in the Czech republic and in Slovakia
Pekárková, Hana ; Šotolová, Eva (advisor) ; Mlčková, Marie (referee)
This thesis deals with education of socially handicapped people in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. It presents approaches and supporting disposals in both countries. The attention is devoted to actual situation in education of socially handicapped children at various degrees of schools. It describes affirmative actions, such as preliminary classes, education assistants in the Czech Republic or zero grades, education assistants and daylong education system in Slovakia. The thesis also sums up several projects focused on socially handicapped, one project focused on Roma children support realized in the Czech republic, three projects focused on education of socially handicapped, their parents' and educators' support, realized in middle Slovakia in years 2011-2015. KEYWORDS education, social handicap, Roma people, affirmative action, preliminary class, education assistant, daylong education system
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The issue of race in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States : the evolving interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause
Martinec, Tomáš ; Sehnálková, Jana (advisor) ; Kozák, Kryštof (referee)
This thesis entitled The Issue of Race in the Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States: The Evolving Interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause analyses the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, in particular the following decisions: Plessy v. Ferguson, Sweatt v. Painter, Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Grutter v. Bollinger, Gratz v. Bollinger, Fisher v. University of Texas and Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action. The analysis of the above- mentioned decisions illustrates the evolution of the philosophical background of the Supreme Court. After the Second World War, the natural-law legal philosophy began influencing the Justices and slightly overshadowed the positive-law current that was predominant in the pre- War era, in particular in the 19th century. This new philosophical background of the High Court help to constitutionally entrench the affirmative action policies by Justice Powell's opinion in Bakke and particularly by Grutter. However, the natural-law current has never become as dominant as the positive-law one in the 19th century, and as shown in Grutter's companion case of Gratz...
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Political Parties in the Czech Republic and Quotas for Women in Politics
Pospíšek, Pavel ; Gelnarová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kotábová, Věra (referee)
This thesis deals with political parties in the Czech republic which are currently in the parliament and their attitude towards implementing quotas. It's goal is to find out the importance of this topic for the parties in their election programmes and regulations and whether there is a clash between what parties declare and how they act in the real political life. There is about 20 percent of women in politics in the Czech republic at the present time and there has been no attempt to increase this number by implementing law quotas. Nevertheless we can come across some backup actions at an intraparty level. The author analyses attitudes of the current parliamentary parties with regards to the development of women's political representation in case of older political subjects. His focus is also to present the difference in understanding quotas as affirmative action or positive discrimination.
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The Policy of Affirmative Action at American Universities: Perspective of the Supreme Court 1978-2003
Mertová, Viktorie ; Sehnálková, Jana (advisor) ; Calda, Miloš (referee)
U. S. universities often apply affirmative action approach in admissions procedure, that is to say, they give preferential treatment to racial or ethnic minority applicants. There are several reasons for this policy. First, in the 1960s, the federal government instructed all the federal contractors to take an affirmative action to ensure that minorities were not discriminated against. Second, universities attempt to create a diverse student body which is supposed to produce educational benefits and raise the quality of education. The affirmative action programs cause a number of controversies. The opponents argue that the policy discriminates against the majority and therefore violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Many litigations took place in the United States over the course of years, some of the cases were even brought before the Supreme Court. The Bachelor's thesis "The Policy of Affirmative Action at American Universities: Perspective of the Supreme Court 1978-2003" investigates the changes of the Supreme Court's approach to this problem in the period between 1978 (first landmark decision) and 2003, when the Supreme Court dealt with the issue last so far. On the basis of an analysis of the decisions in three significant Supreme Court cases, this paper characterizes the most...
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Multiculturalism in the USA
Smejkal, Tomáš ; Kochan, Jan (advisor) ; Volenec, Otakar (referee)
The objective of this Bachelor thesis is to map out the historical development of multiculturalism in the USA and to deal with the current issues of this phenomenon. For instance, this thesis deals with the process of hispanization in the USA or with the so called affirmative action in the American society. The first part of this thesis explains the term multiculturalism in theory. The second part focuses on the history of the USA and their milestones connected with the development of multiculturalism. The third part is focused on the current issues of the multicultural society in the USA. The conclusion of this thesis summarizes the main points that are essential for the understanding of the studied matter and these findings are subsequently evaluated. The last part also offers a prognosis of the possible future development of the multicultural society in the USA.
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