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Historical time and political society in Patočka
Josl, Jan ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Diploma thesis Historical time and political society in Patočka is focused on the relationship between politics and history in Patočka's Herretical Essays in the Philosophy of History. Interpretation of this relationship takes in account Patočka's inspiration in Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt and Aristotle. Aim of this work is to illuminate Patočka's heretical notions of politics and history and reveal its stimulating as well as its problematic heritage.
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Walter Benjamin's philosophy of language
Ritter, Martin ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee) ; Stromšík, Jiří (referee)
The work analyzes Walter Benjamin's philosophy oflanguage presenting it as an ontological and cognitive basis ofhis early thought (1916-1925). The investigation starts from a detailed study of an unpublished reflection On language as Such and on the Language of Man. The analysis of the text contrasts its metaphysical interpretation with its deconstructive reading opting for a hermeneutical approach. Benjamin's philosophy of language is presented as a theory in which all being is conceived as language. Benjamin not only constructs a metaphysical conception according to which all human beings express themselves to God by naming existing things, but simultaneously defines constitutive property of (all) language, namely its "immediacy", i.e. the fact that language is primarily not a medium of communication. However, the text On language describes also a (biblical) fall which causes a loss of immediacy and a rise of the multiplicity of languages. The area of (fallen) plurality of languages is investigated in the The Tas k of the Translator, which focuses on the relation and kinship of languages. This kinship is based on the fact that alllanguages want to say the same thing, namely the "pure language". The analysis of The Task of the Translator stresses the semantic and, in this sense, conceptual aspect of...
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The concept of understanding in new hermeneutics
Jiskra, Martin ; Kouba, Pavel (referee) ; Ritter, Martin (advisor)
The purpose of this article is to show the most significant landmarks of history of new hermeneutics and to concentrate on the most important concept of new hermeneutics, namely on the concept of understanding. I tried to avoid, so that this text would be just some dead encyclopedia of authors of new hermeneutics. This work should not be some recapitulation of singular facts, but I have been trying to look into the history of the concept of understanding and to look at it as to one of the most important intellectual movement of continental philosophy. My attempt was to spot behind the aggregate of authors and topics something, which these details exceeds. My purpose was to show the concept of understanding in the context and relations, further to underline mutual overlapping and benefication between individual authors of new hermeneutics, and also not to look at singular problems of hermeneutics just in the context of the work and time period of singular author, but in the connections of new hermeneutics in whole. Behind the singular "facts" to catch a glimpse of something, what even convinced anti-dialectician calls spirit and to attempt to show this intellectual movement.
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Žižek's critique of the ideology
Májíček, Jan ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Hauser, Michael (advisor)
In our thesis we take a account of Slavoj Žižek's critique of the ideology. We start from Marx's conception of the ideology as false consciousness. We link it with Žižek's interdiction of the notion of jouissance and in the light of it Žižek's critique of Marx's conception a elaboration of original theory of ideology. Our thesis takes a look on the notion of totalitarism developed by Arendt and analysis of Nazism a Stalinism.
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Light by Plato
Trlifajová, Justina ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Karfík, Filip (advisor)
The thesis deals with the topics of visual light and light of knowledge by Plato, and it attempts to interpret Plato's conception of the light of knowledge. In the first part, the main texts written by Plato on these topics are summarized. In the following part of the thesis, the author proposes her own interpretation of Plato's light of knowledge based on the analogy of visual light and light of knowledge in Plato's Republic. The author then formulates a conjecture concerning the meaning Plato's light of knowledge, and applies it to backtrack connections of the light of knowledge to the visual light. In the thesis, various meanings of Plato's light of knowledge are demonstrated. They are summarized at the end of the second part of the thesis. Plato's metafors of light have been of great importance through the history of European intellectual tradition. Therefore, the author discusses meanings of these metaphors in pre-platonic works in the introduction, and outlines the impact of Plato's light of knowledge on the subsequent development of religious and philosophical thinking.
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The Indirect Prophet of Existence. Kierkegaard
Marek, Jakub ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
This doctoral thesis aims at analyzing the decisive stage of Kierkegaard's authorship (between the years 1841 and 1846). The intention was to deliver a coherent interpretation of his "prophetical demand" of "becoming a Christian". Thus a new point of view was established on the grounds of a reconstruction of (his) "concrete reader", whom Kierkegaard presupposes, determines and, first of all, by the means of his "indirect communication", guides along the path towards Christianity.
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The imperativ of transcendence. On the sense of philosophy and the philosophical possibilities in the end of metaphysical epoch according to Jan Patočka. The interpretation of chosen texts (1929-1952)
Sladký, Pavel ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Karfík, Filip (advisor)
One of the great themes of Jan Patočka's philosophy is the problem of essence and meaning of philosophy. If philosophical thinking aspires to overall understanding, the philosophical self-reflection is a natural part of the very philosophical activity. From the end of 1920's till the beginning of 1950's it is possible to find three ways of philosophical self-reflection in Patočka's texts. The first one is contained in the series of early writings in which Patočka successively, and from the different points of view, shows essential aspects of "personal philosophical life". The second one is identical with Patočka's interpretation of Socratic teaching. Finally, we can trace back the third way in programmatic text "Negative Platonism" in which Patočka in detail determines relation between metaphysics and philosophy. The purpose of our thesis consisted in successive and systematic interpretation of the forms of Patočka's metaphilosophy, mentioned above, and their relation. Of course, there is a development in Patočka's thinking and terminology; we show, however, that meaning of central metaphilosophical motives does not change in his writings - general attributes of philosophical subjectivity from the early texts are constitutive "parts" of Patočka's Socrates as a paradigm of philosophical activity in general,...
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Thistorted existence
Kovář, Vojtěch ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Kouba, Petr (advisor)
"Thistorted existence" is devoted to ontological issue of frenzy. Based on fundamental ontology it aims to contemplate existential situation of a lunatic, who himself is understood as an existence. Nevertheless, a bit of different existence than Dasein analyzed by Martin Heidegger in the Being and Time. The text strives to gain access to such different existence by an original insight at ontology in general. That gives necessary instruments and ontological notions for understanding the frenzy in its ontological essence. Thus frenzy shows itself as recovery to being and reestablishment of thistorted existence in front of the deal to be.
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Identification with a Film Character: Experiencing Someone Else's Story
Heřmánek, Josef ; Vojvodík, Josef (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The main focus of this thesis is the phenomenon commonly described as an identification with a film character. The approach of this thesis is a phenomenological one. I use texts of such authors as Edith Stein, Edmund Husserl, Vivian Sobchack and Christiane Voss. In the introduction to my thesis, I present the problematic nature of the concept and its critique from the perspective of the contemporary film studies. In the following part, I analyse the phenomenon using the concept of empathy from the husserlian phenomenology. I am applying the concept to the cinematographic experience, more precisely I describe the experience of empathy in the aesthetic experience of a film. In order to do so, I use the works of the contemporary authors Vivian Sobchack and Christiane Voss, who describe the film experience using concepts of the cinesthetic subject and the surrogate body and challenge the idealistic notion of a film viewer as the subject of the film experience. Key Words Identification, film, film character, film experience, empathy, cinesthetic subject, surrogate body.
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