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Effects of microplastics on earthworm gut microbiome, their immunity system and metabolome
Flohrová, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Lišková, Petra (referee)
Microplastics are widespread pollutants found in aquatic, atmospheric, and soil environments. They are released directly into the soil, for example, from mulch films and textiles. Microplastics accumulate in the soil and can have a negative impact on soil microfauna and macrofauna. Earthworms, acting as ecosystem engineers, and soil and gut bacteria play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles of biogenic elements. Disruption of earthworm function, their gut bacteria, or soil bacteria could have an impact on the entire ecosystem. In the context of this thesis, earthworms of the species Apporectodea sp. were exposed to microplastics from polypropylene black nonwoven textile at concentrations of 1 g/kg soil and 0.0265 g/kg soil for 14, 28, and 56 days. DNA was sequenced to identify bacteria from the earthworm gut, gut contents, and rearing soil. Additionally, untargeted analysis of metabolites from the earthworm body and extraction of immune cells from earthworms using three different methods were conducted. No significant changes caused by the presence of microplastics were found in the representation of bacteria from the gut, gut contents, and soil, but statistically significant changes in the metabolome were detected. A sufficient number of immune cells could not be isolated from the...
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The effect of artificial sweeteners on the metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes patients
Petrů, Kateřina ; Škrha, Jan (advisor) ; Krátký, Jan (referee)
The impact of artificial sweeteners on health is a very common topic of discussions nowadays. This thesis focuses on the effect of artificial sweeteners on metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to clarify whether the consumption of artificial sweeteners affects metabolic parameters in T2DM patients. Another aim is to evaluate the awareness of T2DM patients about artificial sweeteners and the mean consumption of artificial sweeteners. Thirty patients with T2DM attending the diabetes outpatient clinic of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and 20 subjects in the control group were included in the study. Both groups completed a 16-question questionnaire. Laboratory metabolic parameters were obtained only in the patients group, and then evaluated in relation to the results of the questionnaire survey. A statistically significant association was found only for higher LDL cholesterol levels in patients examining food labels, and poorer diabetes control in those consuming diabetic products. No association was found between total intake of artificial sweeteners, the main object of the observation, and the values of selected metabolic parameters. Compared to the control group, T2DM patients are more interested in the composition of foods and...
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Role of melatonin in the mammalian intestine and its interaction with the gut microbiome
Přiklopilová, Barbora ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Melatonin is a hormone that primarily functions in regulating circadian rhythms in mammals. Independently of the pineal gland, it is also synthesized in the intestines, where it can interact with the gut microbiome and thus contribute to a wide variety of diverse functions. The aim of this paper is to describe the role of melatonin and summarize its functions across different organisms, with a particular focus on mammals. The work concentrates on explaining the proven effects of melatonin in the mammalian gut, its potential interactions with the gut microbiome, and the overall impact on the homeostasis of the intestinal environment.
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Host-microbe interactions and its consequences for intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis
Kejzlarová, Leona ; Kverka, Miloslav (advisor) ; Smrž, Daniel (referee)
A number of physiological and pathological processes, including the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer, are affected by commensal microbes. However, abundance of microbes and ability to produce active metabolites in the intestine depend on environmental factors, particularly diet. Microbes can influence this process in two ways, by producing genotoxic substances that directly damage the epithelium or by stimulating the inflammatory response. The aim of my thesis was to study the interaction among gut microbiota, diet and the immune system with the subsequent influence on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in an experimental mouse model. Animals were fed synthetic diets containing either normal amounts of animal protein (17%; KD) or elevated amounts of animal protein (51%; HPD) throughout the experiments. Two weeks after the diets were introduced, intestinal tumors were induced by administering azoxymethane (AOM) and inducing acute inflammation with 2% sodium dextran sulfate one week after AOM injection. At the end of the experiment I evaluated the number of tumors in the colon and the status of the immune response in the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. To study the effect of macrophages, a similar experiment was performed in animals with depleted macrophages using...
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Changes of gut microbiome in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
Schierová, Dagmar ; Jirásková Zákostelská, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hrdý, Jiří (referee) ; Kohout, Pavel (referee)
(EN) Microbes have coevolved with humans forming symbiotic communities that constantly challenge the immune system and, when imbalanced, could lead to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD suffer from microbial dysbiosis and chronic inflammation which could be potentiated by immune system reaction to the commensal microbiota. In the research presented here, firstly I have focused on the description of the gut and skin microbiome from patients with IBD and secondly, I investigated the process of antimicrobial defense. Patients with IBD on two different biological therapies targeting TNFα, IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines were tracked for changes in their gut and skin microbiome features. Although, neither differences in gut microbial diversity nor composition were linked with the progression of the therapies, an increased similarity to the healthy control group at week 38 of anti-TNFα therapy was found. This shift in microbiome could be considered beneficial and could be attributed to the inflammation reducing effect of the therapy. While analyzing the microbiome features, various patient characteristics were taken into account and the sources microbiome of variability were uncovered, out of which the interindividual variability stood out the most. Regarding the skin microbiome,...
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Kvantitativní zastoupení bakterií rodu Lactobacillus v lidském zažívacím traktu v závislosti na změně stravovacích návyků
Kolísková, Kateřina
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of quantitative representation of the bacterial family in the human digestion system depending on changes in eating habits. The start of literary digest addresses general characteristics of digestion microbiome and its bacterial represen-tation. The most comprehensive part belongs to individual factors, who influenced overall number of bacterial species inhabiting the digestion microbiome. The last chapters of the theoretical part belong to cultivative and molecular biological methods, which are used in examination of the human digestion tract. Experimental part focuses on differences in the number of individual bacteria in the samples of human excrements, whose presence was determined by cultivative methods. Isolation of bacterial DNA was performed, which was subsequently confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. In resulting values, we observed small changes (p < 0,05) in bacterial species L. acidophilus a L. rhamnosus at the end of the second period. All bacterial families, except Bacteroides, had downward tendency (p > 0,05). Based on acquired data from food records, we observed changes in consumption of basic macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and fiber. Only in carbohydrates and sim-ple sugars, we observed statistically provable differences (p > 0,05). Final analysis proved that changes in eating habits did not influence the total number of bacterial species inhabiting digestion microbiome.
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Current knowledge about the influence of the intestinal microbiome on the development, course and consequences of lactose intolerance
Černá, Pavlína ; Tomešová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kohout, Pavel (referee)
The bachelor thesis investigates the current knowledge about the influence of the gut microbiome on the development and severity of lactose intolerance, as well as whether and how it can be changed to influence the course of existing lactose intolerance and its immediate and long- term consequences. In the first part of this bachelor thesis I discuss lactose itself and its metabolism, which shows its direct link to the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance (LI) is also described, how it is diagnosed, what it manifests itself as, and what its degrees are. The next chapter discusses the relationship between LI, the gut, and the gut microbiome. First, I focus here on the possible adaptability of the gut, which is mainly determined by the presence of the microbiome. There is also a link between LI and other gastrointestinal disorders in which gut bacteria play a role. The microbiome is a very dynamic population of different types of bacteria, fungi and viruses that can influence the course of lactose intolerance. This can be exploated in the subsequent therapy of LI with probiotics, which are included in part three. The most commonly used probiotic bacteria are representatives of the genus Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. However, probiotics are not the only option for using the gut microbiome...
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Circadian regulation of digestive system function and its disturbances due to external factors
Běloušková, Klára ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Balounová, Kateřina (referee)
Circadian clocks regulate the behavior of cells in living organisms in 24hour periods. They react to environmental influences and, by synchronizing with them, ensure optimal cell function and the overall health of the organism. Biological clocks in the gastrointestinal tract and their functions can be influenced by several factors, including the timing of food intake or the influence of the microbiome. The correct timing of food intake can be essential in maintaining the functional physiology of the organism as well as the appropriate composition of the gut microbiome. Disruption of the synchronization between these factors and the biological clock in the gastrointestinal tract leads to disharmony of the organism, its improper function and the development of disease. The timing of food intake and the cultivation of an appropriate microbiome is critical to maintaining optimal health and should not be neglected by the public.
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Processing and analysis of the human gut microbiome from 16S rDNA sequencing data
Zbudilová, Michaela ; Jurečková, Kateřina (referee) ; Nykrýnová, Markéta (advisor)
This bachelor´s thesis deals with the analysis of the human intestinal microbiome from 16S rRNA data. In the first part, the intestinal microbiome is theoretically described, and then the methods of its processing and evaluation using analysis of taxonomic categories and sample diversity are mentioned. The second part focuses on the data processed in the thesis and the format in which those data are provided. In the third part, the proposed algorithm used to process the data is described, and the results obtained by running this algorithm are evaluated. In the fourth part of the thesis, the samples from the University Hospital Brno are processed using the proposed algorithm. The last part of the thesis focuses on the script, which is used to generate the reports which can be used for diagnostic purposes in the University Hospital Brno.
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Gut microbiome and autoimmune mechanisms in patients with type 1 narcolepsy
Ježková, Janet ; Roubalová, Radka (advisor) ; Hrdý, Jiří (referee)
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is a chronic neurological disease characterized by the presence of cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness. NT1 probably arises from autoimmune destruction of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus. These neurons are the only known producers of the neuropeptides orexin A and B, which are involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. NT1 is often accompanied by comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hormonal disorders, depression, and anxiety. Gut microbiota affects the quality of sleep by the production of various metabolites. It is considered that it may be involved in the pathogenesis of NT1 or in the development of related comorbidities. In our study, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition of 41 NT1 patients and 32 healthy controls using next-generation sequencing. The diversity of patients' gut microbiota did not differ significantly from healthy controls. In patients, we revealed a positive correlation between the abundance of the bacterial family Coriobacteriaceae, BMI, and the disease duration. Besides, we observed a negative correlation between the Coriobacteriaceae family and cholesterol levels, suggesting that these bacteria are involved in host lipid metabolism. Compared to healthy controls, a higher abundance of bacteria from the families...
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