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Adipose etrogenisation and other anthropological aspects of obesity
Novák, Jan ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Bezdíček, Ondřej (referee) ; Bendlová, Běla (referee)
This work presents an anthropological view of obesity. It introduces the concept of adipose estrogenization and describes its relationship to pelvic morphology. Further, secular changes in the prevalence of latent obesity, the consequences, and the etiology of this condition are described. The work also validates tools for assessing chronotype, subsequently associating these metrics with sociodemographic factors, including obesity. The key part of this project present study focused on changes in the morphology of the bony pelvis in the context of pubertal history of obesity. It is a longitudinal study (n = 238) with an anthropometric examination after 8 years and an estimation of sex hormones. The main observation was that adult men with a history of obesity had more gynoid (relatively wider) pelvic bone morphology and altered levels of sex hormones, i.e., reduced testosterone levels and an increased relative proportion of estradiol to testosterone, i.e., estrogenization. This was manifested with habitual pelvic feminization, which serves as a marker of estrogenization and a retrospective marker of obesity. In the context of this study, a Letter to the Editor is added as a correction to the publication, interpreting these findings as a possible explanation for the shorter second stage of labor in...
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Regional differences in somatic development of pre-school children in context of secular changes
Ferris, Stáňa ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Testing of regional differences in the growth and development of preschool children is a neglected topic in the history of anthropometry. In this work, we focused on the differences between the current population of Prague, Olomouc and Bratislava. Given the very similar living conditions and socioeconomic maturity of all three regions, we did not anticipate their presence. However, the results of this work showed significant differences, especially in skeletal robustness. Furthermore, we tested the presence of secular differences in the growth and development of preschool children between the current population of Prague, Olomouc and Bratislava and the reference data from 1990 for Czechia and 1989 for Slovakia. We expected changes in height, length and width body parameters, gracility of skeletal robustness, and, on the contrary, an increase in adiposity markers. In the case of the Prague population, this hypothesis was confirmed except for changes in the width parameters of the pelvis, where a negative secular trend was demonstrated. The results of the Olomouc and Bratislava populations do not agree with European trends and the established hypothesis. Secular trends in growth and development are mostly positive. Key words Regional differences, secular trend, preschool age, growth and developement
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Intersexual differences of adiposity markers in contemporary Czech children aged 11 - 15 years
Auxtová, Martina ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Thesis is focused on the analysis of intersexual differences in adiposity markers within urban population of Czech children from 11,00 to 15,99 years. This age range encompasses puberty which is one of the critical periods for the possible development of overweight and obesity. The sample PRAHA 2013 consists of 356 girls and 353 boys which were surveyed for basic anthropometric indicators - body height, body weight, BMI, mid- upper arm circumference and the thickness of four skinfolds. Intersexual differences discovered in measured parameters show statistical significance (p<0,01 resp. p<0,001) and it corresponds with the characteristic changes of pubertal development in both of genders. Testing file PRAHA 2013 against reference standards and its comparison with the results of the last Czechoslovak spartakiade in 1985 points to positive secular trend of increasing body height. However increase in weight parametres is still continuing. Probands from the year 2013 reach higher body weight values, BMI and skinfold thickness in comparison with children of the same age in 1985, 1991 resp. 2001. Significant differences were found out in the most of age categories in both of genders. Keywords: adiposity tissue, subcutaneous fat, skinfolds, body fat distribution, sexual dimorphism, obesity, secular trend
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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The latent form of obesity in preschool children, secular changes in body composition
Samešová, Daniela ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Kunešová, Marie (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe and evaluate the relation of mass proportionality and adiposity in the context of secular changes in body composition of Czech preschool children over the last 25 years. The study was conducted in the form of transversal research between years 2016-2018 at seven kindergartens from Prague and its surroundings and one from Ústí nad Labem. 551 children (271 boys, 280 girls), in age of four to six years, were examined. The data was supplemented by a set of 208 children (101 boys and 107 girls), which were part of a pilot study from 2013-2014. In total, the group comprised 759 children. The actual set of individuals was compared with a representative database of Czech preschool children from the 1990s. There was no significant difference in the parameters describing weight proportionality in current preschool children, however the proportion of the individual components of the body composition has changed. The fat component increased significantly in six-year-old boys, five- year-old and six-year-old girls. At the same time, we observed insufficient development of active body mass in relation to the reference group. These trends are also evidenced by the increase in the percentage of latent forms of obesity over the past 25 years. The lack of active movement...
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Secular changes in linear proportionality of Czech preschool children
Paříková, Barbora ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Kopecký, Miroslav (referee)
The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of secular changes in linear proporcionality of body in actual preschool children in the last 27 years. In this context, the research also aims to determine the need for validation of the reference data for linear parameters of preschool children, which are currently used from 1990. The study was realized in six kindergartens in Prague and the surrounding area in the years 2016-2017. A total of 369 children (189 boys and 180 girls) aged 4 - 6 years were examined. The body height, BMI, 11 length and height markers and 10 indexes were measured. Statistically significant differences were not found in most of the observed parameters. Significant differences were not clinically relevant. The effect of secular changes on the characteristics of linear body proportionality of Czech preschool children was not confirmed. Therefore, for clinical practise remaind recommended to use the reference data from 1990, which are valid. Key words:secular trend, linear proporcionality, preschool age
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Intersexual differences of adiposity markers in contemporary Czech children aged 11 - 15 years
Auxtová, Martina ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Thesis is focused on the analysis of intersexual differences in adiposity markers within urban population of Czech children from 11,00 to 15,99 years. This age range encompasses puberty which is one of the critical periods for the possible development of overweight and obesity. The sample PRAHA 2013 consists of 356 girls and 353 boys which were surveyed for basic anthropometric indicators - body height, body weight, BMI, mid- upper arm circumference and the thickness of four skinfolds. Intersexual differences discovered in measured parameters show statistical significance (p<0,01 resp. p<0,001) and it corresponds with the characteristic changes of pubertal development in both of genders. Testing file PRAHA 2013 against reference standards and its comparison with the results of the last Czechoslovak spartakiade in 1985 points to positive secular trend of increasing body height. However increase in weight parametres is still continuing. Probands from the year 2013 reach higher body weight values, BMI and skinfold thickness in comparison with children of the same age in 1985, 1991 resp. 2001. Significant differences were found out in the most of age categories in both of genders. Keywords: adiposity tissue, subcutaneous fat, skinfolds, body fat distribution, sexual dimorphism, obesity, secular trend
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Bigoni, Lucie (referee) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Possibilities and limits of auxological studies in past populations
Suchanová, Gabriela ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Sedlak, Petr (referee)
Auxological studies in bioarcheology provide valuable information about the health of children in past populations. They show the influence of various environmnetal factors, non- specific stress or illness during growth. The stress following the growth retardation of subadults who survive until adulthood will influence the function and general health of the entire population. Despite all the achieved results in this field, auxological studies comprise of many problems. It is necessary to remember that the archaeological samples of children who died of unknown reasons are compared with modern growth standards, also the secular trend of recent population needs to be allowed for. The question is whereas the growth of children who died prematurely represents accuretly the growth of those who survived until adulthood. Of importance is a precise estimation of age of subadult skeletons. To minimalize faults associated to paleoauxological studies in bioarchaeology, it is necessary to compare the samples of related populations where possible, use the same techniques of age-at-death estimation, take account of migrations and so on.
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