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Spreading of praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) in Europe
Vitáček, Jakub ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Gvoždík, Václav (referee)
Climate change is one of the most important factor determining species ranges. In Europe there is now evidence for northward areal expansion in many Mediterranean insects including the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa). This species is the only representative of the order Mantodea inhabiting central Europe. The northern edge of the species distribution currently reaches latitude 53ř North. Although, the praying mantis is well known insect there is not enough evidence about its phylogeography. In this work three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, Cyt b) were selected for phylogenetic study. Results indicate three statistically supported distinct lineages in Europe: Eastern European, Central European and Western European. Presumably these lineages are consistent with isolation during the last glacial and re-colonization from glacial refugia. Reduced haplotype diversity on the northern edge suggests currently established populations at the northern distribution border. To validate mtDNA results it was also considered four microsatellite loci. Due to different type of inheritance mtDNA and nuclear DNA it is possible to compare two independent genetic datasets. Microsatellite analysis confirmed results obtained on mitochondrial data. Three major genetic clusters were found: east, west and central. Spatial...
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Evolutionary relationships within genus Barbus (Cyprinidae) with emphasis on Greece, and biogeography of Greek lineages
Kyralová, Eva ; Vukićová, Jasna (advisor) ; Kalous, Lukáš (referee)
Evolutionary relationships between Barbus species have been already studied in the past, but most of the studies were based only on mitochondrial DNA, there is no detailed study based on nuclear markers. This is mainly due to the fact that Barbus species are tetraploid. The western part of Greece has been studied insufficiently, and moreover a greater diversity of freshwater ichthyofauna is expected here. Greece is one of the hotspots of biodiversity. Greek river system is characterized by a significant proportion of endemic species of freshwater fishes. In this work evolutionary relationships between Barbus species were studied, with focus on diversity of Greek lineages. The geographical distribution of Barbus species has been also revised. In total, 192 individuals were analyzed, 156 individuals were from 40 Greek localities and another 36 Barbus species were from other areas of distribution of the genus. Dataset was supplemented with avaible published sequences. For the phylogenetic analysis mitochondrial gene cytochrom b, 1st intron of ribosomal protein gene S7 and 2nd intron of gene beta-actin were used. For both nuclear markers paralog-specific primers were used. The analysis of cytochrom b revealed several well-supported lines: 1. species of southwestern Mediterranean (B. meridionalis and B....
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Phylogeography and ecology of the Cimex species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) in Europe; the evolution of taxa and specialization of hosts
Balvín, Ondřej ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Hypša, Václav (referee) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
The life strategies of parasites and evolutionary mechanisms forming their diversity are particularly various and become frequent objects of study. The Ph.D. thesis deals with one of the obligate ectoparasitic haematophagous groups of insects, the species of the genus Cimex (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Unlike in most other ectoparasites, the strategy of cimicids consists of remaining hidden in the shelter of their host. They use the host body only to feed and disperse. The advantage of the lower competition with other ectoparasites is counterbalanced by the need for particularly stable blood source, for which the cimicids choose social hosts living in colonies. The most frequent and the original hosts of cimicids are bats. The host range of particular species of Cimicidae is often rather broad. The morphological analysis of the Cimex pipistrelli species group showed, however, differentiation according to host bat species. This suggests a need for adaptation to particular host species within the usual range. The differentiation was not found reflected in the mitochondrial DNA. It is thus possible that cimicids can exhibit phenotype plasticity. The host associated morphological variability likely caused as many as three species of C. pipistrelli group to be described from Europe, from which two were...
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Global phylogeography of the deep-sea fishes
Knězů, Tereza ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Vukićová, Jasna (referee)
Phylogeography of deep-sea fish remains poorly explored, largely due to the extreme conditions in which these organisms live and limited technological capabilities for researching these species. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the information known about the phylogeography of deep-sea fish, identify factors influencing population distributions, and connect them on a global scale. The distribution of deep-sea fish populations is influenced by physical, topographic, and hydrographic factors. Their connectivity is driven by the migratory abilities of fish and the utilization of marine currents for their dispersion. Migration is divided into vertical and horizontal. The vast majority of deep sea fish undergo some form of migration, at least during ontogenetic development. The most common is diurnal vertical migration, where fish regularly move to shallower depths at night for feeding. Molecular methods, mainly mitochondrial DNA markers, were used for research to determine the phylogenetic tree of species. The results suggest that the topography of the seafloor is rarely a barrier to the flow of genetic information. Furthermore, the results often refute the hypothesis of isolation caused by the distance between populations. They often exhibit a relatively high rate of panmixia. When speciation...
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Phylogeographic and systematic studies of selected bat taxa of the western part of the Old World
Uvizl, Marek ; Benda, Petr (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee) ; Csorba, Gabor (referee)
Bats attract attention due their extraordinary adaptations including their ability to actively fly and echolocate, and extended lifespan, phenotypic diversity, etc. The phylogeny was analysed using cutting-edge molecular methods. However, the molecular revision of several species and species groups is still pending, especially those with wide distribution ranges or cryptic species complexes, even in the western part of the Old World. This specification encompasses Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa and it represents the traditional research area for Central European (Czech and Czechoslovak) bat researchers. In my PhD thesis, I aimed to revise the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of six less studied species and/or species groups of bats, using a combination of molecular and morphological phylogenetic approaches. The sequences of both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers were generated from over 10 species. These sequences were used to construct phylogenetic trees, haplotype networks, and estimate the time of divergence of studied species. The main results of my PhD thesis were: (1) filling gaps in the knowledge of the distribution ranges of species from the M. nattereri species complex (Vespertilionidae) by including and identifying samples from the Middle East; (2)...
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Taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeografy of selected groups of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae) of the Caribbean region
Deler-Hernández, Albert ; Fikáček, Martin (advisor) ; Ribera, Ignacio (referee) ; Archangelsky, Miguel (referee)
This thesis is focused in the representatives of beetle families Hydrophilidae and Hydraenidae of West Indies and adjacent regions. It consists of two parts, the phylogenetic part and the systematic part. The phylogenetic part focuses on the hydrophilid genera Phaenonotum and Crenitulus of Greater Antilles: beetles were sampled in all four main islands (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaica) and analyzed using the combination of molecular and morphological data. The genus Phaenonotum contains four single-island endemics, of which those from Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola are wingless and form a clade that diversified ca. 46 million years ago (Ma) and likely colonized the Caribbean via the GAARlandia land bridge. In contrast, the Puerto Rican endemic and the two remaining non-endemic species colonized the Greater Antilles by over- water dispersal during the Oligocene-Miocene. The analysis of the genus Crenitulus revealed that Greater Antillean species belong to two separate clades: the Crenitulus yunque clade endemic for Cuba and Hispaniola, and the Crenitulus suturalis clade containing specimens from Greater Antilles and from northern America. A detailed revision of the Crenitulus yunque clade using morphology and molecular-based species delimitation recognized 11 species locally endemic for...
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Fylogeografie komplexu \kur{Phasianus colchicus}
KOFRÁNEK, Zdeněk
Rod Phasianus se v současné době dělí do 2 druhů a 33 poddruhů, které obývají široký areál, táhnoucí se od Japonských Ostrovů až k pohoří Kavkaz. Tato studie měl pracovala s fenotypovými charakteristikami rodu Phasinus za účelem jeho Evoluce. Získané výsledky byly srovnány s dostupnými molekulárními studiemi, zaměřenými na tu samou skupinu .Ve výsledku se ukázalo ,že fenotypové charakteristiky tohoto rodu nám nabízí dostatečné množství fylogeneticky informativních znaků, které dobře korelují s jeho fylogenetickými vztahy
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The phylogeny of the Protaetia Burmeister, 1842 flower beetles in the western palearctic region
Žďárská, Kateřina ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Bezděk, Aleš (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the phylogeny and phylogeography of flower beetles of the genus Protaetia, especially with the complicated taxonomic complex around the species Protaetia (Potosia) cuprea, P. cuprina and P. caucasica in the western Palearctic region. In light of the results presented by Vondráček et al. (2018), it seems that the classic taxonomic approach, based only on coloration, geographical distribution or poorly analysed morphological characters, is not able to adequately explain the evolution of the taxon, nor correctly identify individual taxa at the species level (i.e. species and subspecies). To understand the evolution of the group and the population structure, it is therefore necessary to use the now standard molecular-phylogenetic approaches as well. Based on analyses of one nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 1) and two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b) from 231 individuals, a phylogenetic hypothesis of the West Palaearctic representatives of the genus Protaetia was compiled. It was found that the currently recognized subgenera of the genus do not correspond to the results of the analyses. The subgenera Eupotosia, Netocia and Potosia proved to be non- monophyletic. Within the species complex of P. cuprea, in addition to the European clade of P....
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Evolution of the genus Arabidopsis in its centre of diversity
Šrámková, Gabriela
A prerequisite for addressing general questions concerning the evolution of intraspecific variability in space and time is the knowledge of the distribution of variability within the species' range. The development of molecular methods has been a major step forward, allowing various evolutionary questions to be addressed using natural populations of model species and their close relatives. Although wild relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana have long been in the focus of plant evolutionary biologists and molecular geneticists, the patterns of genetic diversity and phenotypic variation in their natural populations are often overlooked. The present work focuses on some of the most studied model species in the Brassicaceae family, Arabidopsis halleri and the complex of A. arenosa, whose members are widely used to study ecology, physiology and evolution as well as the molecular basis of phytoremediation and parallel adaptation. The study aimed to determine intraspecific variation at the ploidy level, to reveal phylogenetic relationships and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity across the range, and to propose a new taxonomic concept based on the detected intraspecific genotypic and phenotypic variation. In order to accomplish this goal, we used DNA flow cytometry, several molecular methods (AFLP,...
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