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Early ontogenesis of time percepction
Dörflová, Kateřina ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Nikolai, Tomáš (referee)
This work focuses on the topic of time perception, particular emphasis is placed on interval timing. Significant part of this work is oriented toward early ontogenesis of time perception, specifically toward human perception of time from the developmental perspective. Fundamental approaches relevant for current research in the field of time perception are represented in this work, especially from the psychological perspective. The work presents comprehensive view on the current state of knowledge concerning mechanisms of time perception and its function. Emphasis is placed on existing research of interval timing and related variables playing essential role in timing. Current knowledge in the field of the development of time perception is compared with the concept of time perception and its development in context of Jean Piaget's popular theory of cognitive development. KEYWORDS Time, time perception, interval timing, human ontogenesis
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Ontogeny of soldier behaviour and its polyethism in termites
Homolka, Petr ; Šobotník, Jan (advisor) ; Frouz, Jan (referee)
The presence of soldier caste is an important synapomorphy of group Isoptera. The adaptation of this caste to defense tasks is more than obvious and some of their morphological or even behavioral adaptations can be quite impressive. The polyethism in termites is relatively well known inbetween rather worker caste. If there are such a studies pointing at polyethism in soldiers, they are connected with soldier polymorphism. The morphological differences are of course important stimulus to role separation. The goal of this thesis was to examine the polyethism in the species of the termite with monomorphic soldiers - Prorhinotermes simplex. I did behavioral experiments with it in enclosed arenas, recorded on specific days. The data shows, that there are differences inbetween individuals and it would be benefical to invest further time to subsequent studies. The thesis bring out new point of view to defensive behaviour of termites and suggests, that even termite species without polymorphic species may have soldiers with different tasks. Besides I managed to map ontogeny of soldier behaviour in the first two weeks after moulting from presoldier instar. Key words: Isoptera, polyethism, soldiers, ontogeny, defensive behaviour Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Factors influencing intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate
Trubelová, Zuzana ; Starostová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Storch, David (referee)
The relationship between metabolic rate and animal body size of the animal has been studied for more than hundred years. Recently, attention of scientists moved from the interspecific to the intraspecific level. The work focuses on the intraspecific scaling of metabolism. When plotting the metabolic rate against body mass during ontogeny the resulting line often exhibits one or more breaks. Why these breaks (and thus reduction the metabolic rate) occur hasn't been fully explained. It is assumed that can be due to certain factors that affect an individual during development. Some of these factors came from the most famous of several hypotheses attempting to explain the scaling of metabolic rate. These hypotheses include the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE), the Metabolic Level Boundaries (MLB), the Cell model and the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) hypothesis. There are several factors that could affect individuals during ontogeny. These include internal factors, which result from the internal processes within the body. These factors are often interrelated with each other in different ways; therefore, it is unlikely to choose only one particular factor which affects metabolic rate. The most frequently studied factors are changes of cell size and changes in the proportion of metabolically active...
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Development of callosal interhemispheric connection in laboratory rat
Matternová, Lucie ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor) ; Žiak, Jakub (referee)
Corpus callosum is the main commissure linking cortex of the right and left brain hemisphere. For the first time, the callosal axons are observed during E18, when they cross the midline. In PND 5, most axons reach the contralateral cortex, and at the end of the second postnatal week, the callosal projection neurons and axon terminals are located similarly to the adult animal. The interhemispheric response was first observed in the rat in PND 4 but myelination in PND 12, suggesting that the transcallosal response is not dependent on myelinization of callosal fibers. As the rat age increases, the wave duration of the TCR, latency peak and threshold decreases. As opposed to that, amplitude of the positive and negative wave increases with age. TCR may be affected by acute drug application or chronic exposure to various effects, such as hormones.
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Morfogeneze orálního skeletu mihule ve vztahu k evoluci čelistí
Romášek, Marek ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Jandzík, Dávid (referee)
4 Neural crest-derived cellular cartilage is one of the defining characteristics of vertebrates. Elaboration of this tissue and its patterning allowed the evolution of jaws in the gnathostome lineage. Together these hallmarks helped jawed vertebrates become one of the dominant taxons in the animal kingdom. Lampreys, as basal jawless vertebrates, lie at a unique phylogenetic position that makes them ideal organisms for the study of evolution of vertebrate/gnathostome novelties. Larval lampreys possess a special oral skeleton composed of a tissue related to cartilage, termed mucocartilage. Despite considerable attention that has been paid to the evolutionary significance of mucocartilage, it is not yet clear, how this unique feature arises in development and to what extent it is homologous to gnathostome jaws. In this study, the development of oro-pharyngeal region was analyzed in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. SEM imaging revealed shaping and topographic relationships of embryonic tissues, detailed plastic histology coupled with expression analyses of several molecular markers were used to describe origin, histogenesis and morphogenesis of mucocartilage. Furthermore, genetic regulation of the tissue was investigated in order to identify its unique or shared features. Mucocartilage is seen to...
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Ontogenesis of episodic memory in preschool children
Píšová, Martina ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Petrásek, Tomáš (referee)
Episodic memory enables us to remember and recall life events from the past. Episodic memory is a specific type of long-term declarative memory, which undergoes changes in ontogeny. To examinate of episodic memory, "episodic-like memory model", was developed. This model focuses on three basic components of episodic memory: "What happened", "Where did it happen" and "When did it happen". The aim of this diploma thesis is to develop and to validate of particular tests of episodic memory with consideration for their feasibility for preschool children. In order to study episodic memory we used an "episodic-like memory model" and experiments which focused on: children's verbal ability, differentiation of two perspectives during remembering of events and timing memories on an autobiographical axis. We aimed to inspect the effect of age on performance in these tests, possible links between performance in these experiments and the effect of level and the three components of episodic memory on number of errors made. In our dataset we found a significant effect of the age of children in Sentence repetition test and in test of Object collection in the virtual house, in the same test we found a effect of the level on number of errors. We also found a significant correlation between correct responses in verbal...
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The mitochondrial genome in the ontogenesis
Töröková, Petra ; Brdička, Radim (advisor) ; Černý, Viktor (referee)
The main goal of this study is the comparison of sequences of the HVRII region of the mitochondrial genome in the cord blood sample and the saliva sample of the same individual, taken at average ten years from his/her birth. It is known that during ontogenesis the human genome changes. All the more the mitochondrial genome which shows a higher mutation rate, and moreover it is not taken care of it by repair mechanisms. In older individuals, there was found a distinctive amount of mitochondrial variations cumulated in different tissues in the process of the ontogenesis. This study is focused on the detection of these changes already in younger individuals. The tissue-specific variability which is created during ontogenesis might have an adverse influence on all sorts of the mtDNA based studies. The samples were taken in two regions (Teplice / Prachatice) that differ in the pollution of environment. With regard to that, the samples with discovered changes were compared from the standpoint of the region, which they had come from, with the aim to prove the influence of environment on the mutagenesis of the mitochondrial DNA. Samples were also compared from the point of view of sex. Furthermore the variability of the collection of Czech population was evaluated and the estimation of the genetic...
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Evaluation of ontogenetic development of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods
Kiebelová, Alena ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
During ontogeny there are a lot of changes in the entire human skeleton. This thesis deals with shape changes in the mandible, which are caused by genetic, hormonal, as well as mechanical factors. The most important mechanical factors influencing the shape of mandible are development of deciduous and permanent dentition and also development of masticatory muscles. 34 children mandibles of known age and 14 adult mandibles were analysed and compared for this thesis. Data were obtained by scanning coordinates of 36 landmarks using Microscribe G2X, and then were processed by software PAST and Morphologika2 using multivariate statistics (PCA, MANOVA). Geometric morphometrics is used for a detailed analysis of shape changes of the mandible. There is no difference between dental and chronological age. In conclusion, lower jaw narrows during growth, the body extends more in the region of third molars and the ramus grows mainly in the region of condylar process. Chin prominence also occurs during ontogeny. In the group of adult mandibles the variability is caused by coronoid process height and the body width. The hypothesis, that age groups are significantly different from each other, and therefore due to tooth mineralization there are marked shape changes, is confirmed.
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Kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis focusing on the reflexlocomotion
Havlová, Zdenka ; Horká, Bohumila (advisor) ; Savková, Pavlína (referee)
Author: Zdenka Havlová Institution: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Title: Kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis focusing on the reflexlocomotion Supervisor: Mgr. Bohumila Horká Pages: 89 Inserts: 5 The year of presentation: 2013 Keywords: idiopathic scoliosis, ontogenesis, axial systém, reflexlocomotion The thesis deals with the kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis taking into account the possibilities of Vojta method. It deals also with the history of this disease, incidence in the population, relation between ontogenetic development and development of the axial system. The thesis also describes the treatment options and introduces the most used method of kineziotherapy. It contains two case studies of the patients with the idiopathic scoliosis where the Vojta method was used as the main method of kinesiotherapy.
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Growth and sexual selection in selected representatives of scarabaeoid beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea).
Vendl, Tomáš ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Knapp, Michal (referee) ; Skuhrovec, Jiří (referee)
Flower chafers are well-known beetles with apparent sexual dimorphism. Yet, in contrast to other groups of scarab beetles, only little attention has been paid to various aspects of this phenomenon. It concerns also sexual dimorphism in size, which is very common in animals. Although ultimate causes of sexual size dimorphism have been extensively studied, the developmental mechanisms are still only poorly understood. We investigated proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism in several differentially dimorphic flower chafer species. We found that in highly dimorphic species the dimorphism started to develop already in the first instar and tended to accumulate through successive larval development. In contrast, the sexes in species with a relatively low dimorphism diverged in size during only one instar. Moreover, we found variability not only in when the dimorphism arises during development, but also how: sex-related differences in both the instar duration and average growth rate were the proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism. In addition, we showed that the sexes may differ also in growth trajectory - males had relatively longer period of rapid growth than females, even in cases where the absolute development times were similar in both sexes. Further, we focused on systematic survey of sexual...
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