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Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and awareness of the disease risk factors in selected age group in South Bohemian Region
RŮŽIČKOVÁ, Veronika
The thesis is devoted to the issue of vaccination problematics and awareness of tick-borne encephalitis in a selected population group in South Bohemia. For the needs of research, the selected group was composed of students of secondary schools and grammar schools in the South Bohemian Region in the age group from 13 to 19 years old. The objectives of this work was to analyze the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic and the South Bohemian Region between 2000 and 2015, to compare the vaccination in the Czech Republic with the other European countries, to find the vaccination of a selected age group in the South Bohemian Region and to analyze the level of awareness of the risks of tick-borne encephalitis by the polling method and the attitude of the age group to vaccination against this disease. To achieve the objectives was used a secondary analysis of the data from the EpiDat system, where the incidence of the disease was detected in the period in the South Bohemian Region and the Czech Republic. The questionnaire survey was used to obtain awareness on observed disease and attitude of the study group towards vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. The conclusions of the questionnaire survey were obtained on the basis of statistical processing in the MS Excel spreadsheet. For my significant findings from my research, I consider 80% of the vaccination in the monitored group. Information on tick-borne encephalitis in most cases did not get the respondents from a doctor, but from family members, from the internet or from television. However, information on vaccination is given to respondents to a greater extent. Contributions by insurance companies do not motivate more than half of respondents to inoculation. Research has also shown, that respondents have insufficient information about the amount of the contribution and whether their insurance company provide the contribution at all. In view of these circumstances, I consider the increased promotion of this vaccination by insurance companies to be very desirable.
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Students' knowledge of upper primary school about diseases transmitted by ticks
Michálková, Pavla ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Thorovská, Alena (referee)
The main research problem concerns the characteristics of tick-borne disease and determine the quantity and quality of information that students get in health education and biology of these diseases. The theoretical part deals with the history, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. It also discusses the general problems of tick and other diseases that ticks carry and cause. Also is mentioned the inclusion of tick-borne diseases in the educational program. The practical part is devoted to the awareness of upper primary school students and changes in their knowledge about the issue during their elementary education. The aim of this thesis is to determine how the students are informed about diseases transmitted by ticks, especially about Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. This method is used questionnaire, which includes questions regarding this issue. Although the results of the research show a certain degree of knowledge of students at upper primary school, especially in some classes is unsatisfactory. Based on research, there is provided a recommendation for pedagogical practices. KEYWORDS: tick, tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme disease, knowledge, disease, upper primary school
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Tick-Borne Diseases - Knowledge of High School Students
Vlček, Karel ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
Tick-borne diseases are caused by a group of pathogenic microorganisms which are transmitted between animal and human population by vector which is most frequently tick. Evaluation of danger and perils of these diseases is important due to prevention and monitoring of current situation development. The most common tick-borne diseases in the Czech Republic are borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis and ehrlichiosis. Rarely can we encounter bartonellosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis and tularemia. All these diseases can have serious consequences and in critical cases they can result in death of the infected person. One of the basic and the most important of preventive measures which lower the risk of the infection by any tick-borne disease is prevention of tick encounter and eventually vaccination. Due to continual global warming we can expect that in near future ticks will spread even to locations which have been so far not suitable for their development. We can expect that we will even more frequently encounter tick-borne diseases - including diseases which were formerly not found in our territory or were very rare. As a part of health education it will be needed more to get known basic information of tick-borne diseases and their prevention. Different educational centres are an ideal place for...
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Prolyl endopeptidase from the tick Ixodes ricinus
Petrvalská, Olívia ; Konvalinka, Jan (advisor) ; Ryšlavá, Helena (referee)
The ticks are important blood-feeding parasites and vectors of pathogens. The hard tick Ixodes ricinus is the most common species in the Czech Republic that transmits Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Proteases of the ticks are potential drug targets for the development of new vaccines against these parasites. This work is focused on biochemical analysis of a prolyl endopeptidase from I. ricinus, which has not been studied so far. The prolyl endopeptidase was identified in the extract from the tick gut tissue by the measurement of enzyme activity and by visualization on SDS-PAGE after labelling with activity-based probe. The tick prolyl endopeptidase is probably involved in the proteolytic digestion of host blood proteins based on the highest specific activity found in the gut tissue and its upregulation during the blood-feeding period. Biochemical analysis showed that the enzymatic activity of prolyl endopeptidase is (1) dependent on a free cysteine residue in a close proximity of the active site, (2) optimal at a pH range between 8 and 9, and (3) selectively inhibited by peptide inhibitors Z-Ala-Pro-CMK and Z-Pro-Pro-CHO. Key words: prolyl endopeptidase, proteolysis, enzyme activity, substrate specificity, tick (In Czech)
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Cathepsin L from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus
Talacko, Pavel ; Entlicher, Gustav (referee) ; Konvalinka, Jan (advisor)
Ticks are globally important parasites involved in transmission of a wide variety of infectious agents. The most common tick species found in Europe is the hard tick Ixodes ricinus, which transmits bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (a causative agent of Lyme disease) or tick-borne encephalitis virus. Cathepsin proteases are important in the process of digestion of blood proteins in the tick gut. This work is focused on cathepsin L, an important digestive cysteine protease of ticks. Recombinant I. ricinus cathepsin L was expressed in Pichia pastoris and separated from the culture medium by chromatographic purification. N-terminal protein sequencing and labeling by activity-based probe Green-DCG-04 were used for characterization of purified cathepsin L. Substrate and inhibitor specificity were analyzed using peptide substrates and inhibitors. This analysis showed that Z-FR-AMC is a suitable substrate with pH optimum 3.5, and that Z-FF-DMK is an efficient inhibitor. It was demonstrated that cathepsin L cleaves protein substrates in strongly acidic environment (pH 3.5-4.5). Cathepsin L-like proteolytic activity was demonstrated in salivary gland extract and in saliva of the I. ricinus tick. The presence of a cathepsin protease in tick saliva is reported here for the first time. This finding suggests that...
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Vliv klíštěcích slin na fagocytózu borelií dendritickými buňkami
MARŠÁLKOVÁ, Eliška
In this study we examined the effect of the tick saliva from I. ricinus and the effect of recombinant protein IRS-2 from the saliva of I. ricinus on dendritic cells derived from the mice bone marrow. We studied their effect on the production of cytokines by dendritic cells after the stimulation by B. burgdorferi, their effect on the expression of genes, that participate in phagocytosis, and the impact of the tick saliva on phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi by dendritic cells.
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Dog Lyme Disease
Grittnerová, Erika ; Kubík, Štěpán (advisor) ; Vynikalová, Lucie (referee)
Lyme borreliosis is a multi-organ disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group. These bacterias are transmitted by ticks of genus Ixodes, in the Czech Republic by Ixodes ricinus. The main reservoirs including the ticks are rodents, insectivores and deers. Lyme disease is the most diagnosed infection transmitted by ticks in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. It is supposed that due to climate change in recent years it will appear more often. In the Czech Republic it is reported 3500 to 4000 cases per year in recent years. The greatest risk of infection is in deciduous and mixed forests, dense and tall vegetation and at locations along watercourses. Borrelia gets into the host body with a saliva of the tick and spreads through blood or lymph to target organs such as the nervous system, joints, myocardium, skeletal muscles, eyes and skin. In dogs the lyme disease manifests usually asymptomatically or by non-specific symptoms that can simulate a variety of other diseases. The most common clinical signs are lameness, fever, joint and muscle pains, lethargy, loss of appetite and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis of the lyme borreliosis is relatively complicated and it is based on an assessment of clinical signs, epidemiological history and laboratory tests. For detection of borrelia in the organism it is used direct or indirect methods. The most commonly used direct method is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that examines the presence of borrelia DNA in a sample. Indirect methods examine the presence of specific antibodies in a blood serum. Combination of ELISA test and Western blot seems to be the most reliable of them. Treatment consist in antibiotic therapy for several weeks. The basis of prevention is early removal of tick and measures to prevent its bite. These measures consist in using various acaricidal preparations. Currently for dogs it is available vaccine that however is not included in the basic vaccination schema.
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Tick-borne encephalitis - life with the consequences
ŠTIBINGEROVÁ, Jana
This thesis charts the course of the tick-borne encephalitis since the beginning to the eventual consequences that the illness had left and that the patient must live with. Ixodes ricinus, tiny parasites carrying the disease called encephalitis, is no longer present only in the wild, but also in city parks or in our gardens. Every year, many cases of this disease occur across groups of all ages. It is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system caused by viruses. Disease is usually divided into two phases, where the first stage is similar to spring-summer influenza with different length of quiescent phase, in the second stage exacerbation occurs. At this stage, the patient is struggling with high temperatures, headaches, severe pain in muscles and joints, vomiting and disorders of consciousness. Correct diagnosis is specified after sampling of cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbar puncture. Patients with confirmed tick-borne encephalitis are hospitalized in isolation wards, not because of the spread of the disease, but for the experience of doctors. Here they are isolated in the rooms, which can have a detrimental effect on their psyche. Treatment follows after discharge from the hospital, and often takes several months. The aim of this study was to map the progression of the disease from its beginning, through time spent in a hospital bed, followed by home recovery up to the present. A very important part in the return-to-health process has the nurse, and therefore this paper tries to describe her role in treatment of patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Given that there exists a specific prevention in form of vaccination, the next objective was to verify the vaccination on samples of the population in the Česke Budějovice and Gmünd, Austria, and to compare these two groups of respondents. The survey of the thesis was carried out from August 2015 to April 2016 using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data were collected through semi-standardized interviews with nine respondents, who were recruited through social networks with the help of gatekeepers. Quantitative data was collected via short survey distributed in Česke Budějovice and Gmünd, Austria. The results of the qualitative part were processed through coding and compiling of diagrams, from which the answers of individual respondents can be deducted. Evident is the whole course of the disease from the beginning up to the present. Data from the quantitative section were arranged into tables and then statistically evaluated. Based on the results, the frequency of vaccination of specific groups can be compared and therefore campaigns on health protection against tick-borne encephalitis can be targeted effectively.
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Serological diagnosis of borreliosis deseases
Sližová, Ivana ; Chmelař,, Dittmar (referee) ; Lochman,, Ivo (advisor)
The aim of present master’s thesis was to compare the results of serological methods for diagnosing borreliosis that are commonly used in Spadia laboratories (ELISA, immunoblots) in terms of recommendation on how and when to indicate and interpret them. The theoretical part is focusing on the characteristics and history of borreliosis, microbiological description of Borrelia, immune system and pathogenesis of the disease as well as the therapy and prevention. The experimental part is focusing on the analysis of results obtained from common examinations of antibodies to Borrelia made in Spadia Lab laboratories from January 1st 2014 to December 31st 2015. Screening of antibodies to Borrelia made by ELISA in IgM and IgG was done for all samples according to recommendation of CDC. In 2014 the ELISA screening was done using ELISA kits from Euroimmun and Evolis sample processors whereas in 2015 it was done using DiaSorin’s CLIA kits on Liaison analyser. Positive results were then confirmed by Westernblot or lineblot alternatively if the physician did not ask otherwise. It must be remembered that ELISA and Westernblot belong among serological methods that are using antibodies, i.e. substances produced by the immune system. The immune system plays the key role in protecting the body against infection and the antibodies are its important tool. Serological methods belong among immunoassay methods, which is still not standardized. Diagnosis of infections cann‘t be based only on antibody testing. It is necessary to assess the results in the context of the entire clinical picture, history and in the case of antibodies it is recommended retesting with an interval.
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