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Rozpoznávání predátora netrénovanými ptáky: obrana hnízda
URBANOVÁ, Nela
Despite object categorization being an important ability for the survival of wild animals, the principles behind this ability have been only scarcely studied using wild-ranging, untrained animals. Reiterating our previous study undertaken with wild-ranging titmice on winter feeders (Nováková et al. Behav Process 143:7-12, 2017), we aimed to test two hypotheses of object recognition proposed by animal psychology studies: the particulate feature theory and recognition by components in the methodological paradigm of nest defence. We tested whether the parents of the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) recognize the dummies of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), which is a potential predator of large chicks or fledglings, as a threat in case when their body parts are scrambled. The kestrel dummy was presented with the head at the top, in the middle, and at the bottom of the body. We showed that the shrikes did not consider dummies of a kestrel with an inappropriately placed head as a threat to the nest and attacked it equally scarcely as the harmless control. These results support the theory of recognition by components, presuming that the mutual position of body parts is essential for appropriate recognition of the object. When the body parts were scrambled, most of shrikes were not able to identify the kestrel in such an object despite all local features (eye, beak, colouration, and claws) being present. Nevertheless, shrikes did not consider the scrambled dummies as completely harmless, because they fed their chicks in their presence significantly less often than in the presence of harmless control.
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The Linguistic Image of the World and Embodiment: Changes in the Perception and the Ways of Displaying the Female Body in Print Advertising in ELLE magazine in the 1990's and Nowadays
Lohrová, Kateřina ; Šmejdová, Barbora (advisor) ; Bouma, David (referee)
Název práce Jazykový obraz světa a tělesnost: proměny ve vnímání a způsobu zobrazování ženské tělesnosti ve vizuálních médiích Anotace Tato diplomová práce se zabývá otázkou vnímání ženské tělesnosti a způsobu, jakým je zobrazována ve vizuálních médiích (konkrétně v tištěné reklamě), jak se tyto obrazy proměňují v čase, případně jakou mají tyto změny podobu. Snahou práce bude nahlédnout toto téma na pozadí konceptu jazykového obrazu naší společnosti, na základě čehož by se nám mohl naskytnou zajímavý vhled do její vnitřní konstrukce a mechanismů jejího fungování. Klíčová slova: jazykový obraz světa, kategorizace, tělesnost, ženskost, stereotypizace, objektifikace, vizuální média, reklama Thesis title The Linguistic Image of the World and Embodiment: Changes in the Perception and the Ways of Displaying the Female Body in Print Advertising in ELLE magazine in the 1990's and Nowadays Abstract This diploma thesis discusses the issue of the perception of the female body and the approaches and ways in which it is portrayed in the visual media (specifically in the printed advertisement), how these images changes over time or what form these changes takes. The aim of this thesis is to look at this topic in the background of the concept of the linguistic image of our world, of our society, on the basis of which we...
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Factors affecting behaviour of avian predators to hoverflies (Syrphidae) and their models (Aculeata)
Truhlářová, Marie ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Batesian mimicry is an antipredator strategy used by harmless species to mimic dangerous models by their appearance. The so-called imperfect mimics are a phenomenon within Batesian mimicry. It would be expected that Batesian mimics are selected to resemble the model as perfectly as possible. However, in some species the resemblance is very poor. The aim of this study was to test reaction of predators towards a textbook example of Batesian mimics with imperfect mimicry, i.e., hoverflies (Syrphidae) and to verify some of the hypotheses describing imperfect mimicry. We conducted two experiments in which the model predators were great tits (Parus major). The topic of the first experiment was the effect of diversity of models on categorization and generalization of hoverflies. Birds were divided into two groups, with the first group receiving high diversity of models (10 species of Hymenoptera) and second group receiving low diversity of models (2 species of Hymenoptera). There were two parts of this experiment. Categorization training when great tits learn to discriminate between two categories of prey, palatable and unpalatable and generalization test, when great tits generalized their experience from categorization training to novel prey. Palatable prey was represented by non-mimetic flies (Diptera),...
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Somatism in Czech and German Phraseology
Máchová, Miroslava ; Janovec, Ladislav (advisor) ; Chejnová, Pavla (referee)
This Master's Thesis deals with the linguistic picture of the particular somatisms in Czech; their emergence is then compared with their equivalents in German. The theoretical part explains the basis of cognitive and cultural linguistics as linguistic picture of the world, categorization, anthropocentrism, metaphor, metonymy and linguistics in the context of cognitive science. The practical part summarizes the particular use of somatisms within the phraseological units of both languages. The analysis is based on the the profile theory and its image schema. This language background is accompanied by the non-linguistic discipline, psychosomatics, whose premises proved to be useful.
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Cathegorization of small ponds in the PLA Broumovsko
Mňuková, Veronika ; Tátosová, Jolana (advisor) ; Černý, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis is about small artificial ponds and their value in landscape. It characterizes their basic features, colonization rate, role the play in maintaining biodiversity and their significance for nature conservation. In the practical part of my thesis, I am focusing on small ponds in CHKO Broumovsko and analyzing them in context with their possible colonization. The main aspects that I take into consideration, are their spatial distribution, age, biotopes in which they are situated, their relation to streams and terrain in their surroundings. The result of my work is cathegorization of the ponds, which reflects these characteristics and defines groups of potentially similar and different ponds. Hypothesis that emerged from this cathegorization will be further used in biodiversity research within my subsequent master thesis. Key words: small ponds, biodiversity, colonization, mapping, cathegorization
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The Dog in Linguistic Picture of the World in Czech and in Russian
Jíchová, Darina ; Kitzlerová, Jana (advisor) ; Stranz-Nikitina, Veronika (referee)
I. Abstract and Key words This bachelor thesis deals with the linguistic picture of dog in czech and russian language. The thesis is based on the theory of cognitive linguistics, especially on theory of semantic school of Lublin. Linguistic part of this thesis is based on the analysis of the Czech dictionaries (etymological, explanatory, synonymical and phraseological dictionaries) with the brief addition of the symbolism of dog. The conclusion presents a cognitive definition of the koncept dog. Key words: cognitive linguistic, czech language, russian language, anthropocentrism, the linguistic picture of the world, categorization, systemic and textual connotations, phraseology, dog
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Gleaning, trash picking, scavenging: Dumpster diving and symbolic boundaries between clean and unclean
Kubatová, Marie ; Čada, Karel (advisor) ; Hájek, Martin (referee)
The author deals with the phenomenon of dumpster diving. Being focused on those divers who are used to dumpster dive not being pressed to it by their financial situation, she concentrates on their definition of purity and their way of dealing with symbolic boundaries of clean and unclean. After summarising social-environmental and social scientific background of the phenomenon in context of the theoretical frame based on Mary Douglas and her book about purity and danger the author presents a qualitative analysis of participant observation and in- depth interviews with informants who dumpster dive voluntarily. Based on quantitatively and representatively tested public opinion on dumpster diving she points both the colourful composition of dumpster divers' motives and ideological believes and their reflection and norm- based boundaries categorization that is connected to food they are used to eat. In connection with informants' conception of food value the author argues that through inspiring power of the first dumpster diving experience informants' understanding and dealing with those boundaries have changed. Nevertheless, she stresses that despite being convinced their way of consumption is right and thus pure the informants tend to apply and present themselves by pattern of conduct that...
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Metaphors in Partners' Calling
Štěpánová, Pavla ; Janovec, Ladislav (advisor) ; Chejnová, Pavla (referee)
Diploma thesis Figurativeness of denominations in a partnership based on a questionnare survey deals with a discourse of figurative denominations in partnerhips. Firstly, the position of partnership denominations within the field of onomastics is defined and a general language characteristics of these denomations is presented. Further on, the main ideas from cognitive linguistics are presented, especially the conceptual metaphor theory which has been the basis for an analysis and interpretation of partnership denominations. These have been divided into several semantical groups in the context of which the partnership denominations are being analysed.
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Social Construction of Species superiority
Klicnar, Filip ; Vandrovcová, Tereza (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
This thesis charts the social construction of species superiority in the Euro-Atlantic civilizational area. The goal is to describe the process of construction of this superiority and simultaneously to describe the impact of it. The beginning of the species superiority was domestication of the wild animals. Second defining moment was the transition from a traditional into industrial society, in which the animals where materialized and considered to be an object in trading relationships, as well as the belief in legitimate use of animals for economic purposes in the society. This belief is thoroughly irrational. Throughout the process of reality construction the society begun to perceive the given status as natural and right. In order to escape the question of ethical contradiction it has crowded out the negative aspects of that reality from the perception of its members, in which some psychological mechanisms are helping individuals to escape the reality. The final chapter of this thesis charts the conditions that have made the Holocaust possible and on which our modern rational-economic system lays ground. These conditions are being preserved in the "nature" of the economic system itself.
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