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Characterization of selected complex vitamin supplements
Bandarenka, Andrei ; Fialová, Lenka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
Modern society places great emphasis on a healthy lifestyle and balanced diet, leading to increased interest in products with high levels of vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting substances. Consequently, there has been an increased interest in various dietary supplements, including so-called "greens" products. These supplements are designed to provide a concentrated source of nutrients from various green plants while also containing a high proportion of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds. The aim of this thesis is to characterize complex food supplements in terms of their composition and content of active ingredients to better understand their mechanisms of action and identify substances responsible for their health-promoting effects. The theoretical part of the work focuses on describing legislation of dietary supplements, including their characteristics and the evolution of interest in them over recent decades. Furthermore, the theoretical part addresses the description of basic components commonly found in supplements, such as vitamins, plants, algae, prebiotics, and probiotics. Finally, methods for determining these components and the most frequently used techniques for their analysis are described. In the experimental part, 12 different plant-based dietary supplements falling into the category known as "greens" were selected. The content of phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants were determined in these products. Additionally, the influence of these products on the growth of bacterial cultures and the metabolic activity of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was examined. Analysis of the vitamin C and B-group vitamins content in these supplements was also conducted. The test results showed that the examined supplements are a rich source of phenolic compounds, chlorophyll, antioxidants, and vitamin C. Furthermore, it was found that these products can be used as prebiotics in the diet. Based on the conducted tests, it was concluded that "greens" food supplements offer a wide range of health benefits and can be considered a useful contribution to a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Practically, in all conducted tests, the products with a high matcha content achieved the best results, making this ingredient a key component for creating quality dietary supplements from plant-based ingredients.
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Bioactive compounds in cruciferous vegetables
KOVAČIKOVÁ, Karolína
This diploma thesis deals with bioactive compounds in cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae). The thesis aimed to determine the content of phenolic compounds, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll A+B, carotenoids and also vitamin C, in selected species of cruciferous vegetables: Brussel sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera), Fodder Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) and Ornamental Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The highest amount of chlorophyll A was represented in the sample of ornamental red cabbage, variety Pigeon Victoria F1. The highest content of chlorophyll B, chlorophyll A+B, carotenoids and also vitamin C was determined in curly green kale, a variety Tuscan. The highest amount of phenolic compounds was measured in curly red kale, variety Scarlet.
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Controlled production of lipids and lipidic substances by selected yeasts and microalgae
Szotkowski, Martin ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Huelva, Ines Garbayo Nores, University (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
Karotenoidy jsou přírodní pigmenty vyskytující se v mikroorganismech jako jsou řasy, kvasinky a sinice. Představují nejrozšířenější skupinu antioxidantů s významným biologickým účinkem. V současnosti vzrůstá zájem o karotenoidy vzhledem k jejich příznivým vlivům na lidské zdraví. Chlorofyly jsou zelená fotosyntetická barviva, která nacházejí uplatnění v potravinářství jako intenzivní zelená barviva. Koenzym Q je znám svým pozitivním vlivem pro správnou funkci řady orgánů v lidském těle. Ergosterol je nedílnou součástí membrán kvasinek a hub. Je to provitamin D2, který je důležitou součástí imunitního systému. Mikrobiální lipidy, nebo také ‚‚Single cell oils‘‘ jsou charakteristické vysokým obsahem zdraví prospěšných nenasycených mastných kyselin, které lze využít ve farmacii či kosmetice. Mikrobiální lipidy jsou dále studovány jako alternativa pro výrobu biopaliv. Dizertační práce byla zaměřena na studium a možnosti optimalizace produkce lipidů a lipidických látek vybranými kmeny karotenogenních kvasinek, mikrořas a sinic. V rámci práce byly testované kvasinky rodu Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cystofilobasidium a Sporidiobolus podrobené kultivacím na sérií médií s různými C/N poměry v rozsahu 13 až 100, obsahujících upravené odpadní substráty z potravinářského průmyslu. Vybrané kmeny byly poté kultivovány v bioreaktorech v médiu obsahujícím kombinaci odpadních substrátů. Kultivace mikrořas rodu Desmodesmus, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Coccomyxa, Chlamydomonas, Botryococcus se zabývaly optimalizací jednotlivých komponent média a aplikací různých stresů s cílem navýšení produkce studovaných metabolitů. V rámci experimentů s extrémofilní mikrořasou Coccomyxa byly provedeny pilotní velkoobjemové kultivace v otevřených nádržích. V závěrečné části byl provedeny pilotní screeningové a velkoobjemové bioreaktorové experimenty zaměřené na možnosti kokultivace karotenogenních kvasinek a mikrořas. Testované kmeny kvasinek byly s rozdílnou úspěšností schopny utilizovat média obsahující hydrolyzované odpadní substráty. Nejlepším kmenem byl Sporidiobolus pararoseus, který na médiích dosahoval nejvyšších produkcí biomasy i sledovaných metabolitů. Z testovaných odpadních substrátů byla nejlepší kombinace odpadního fritovacího oleje a hydrolyzátu kávové sedliny. Úspěšná optimalizace složení hlavních komponent minerálního média vedla k zvýšené produkci studovaných metabolitů. Největší vliv měl optimální poměr P/N a aplikace oxidačního stresu. Nejlepších výsledků dosáhly mikrořasy rodu Desmodesmus a Scenedesmus. Velkoobjemové kultivace Coccomyxy onubensis potvrdily rezistenci kultury proti kontaminaci vnějšími vlivy a schopnost růstu za vysoké teploty a intenzity světelného záření. Kokultivační experimenty potvrdily schopnost symbiotického růstu kvasinek a mikrořas. Nejlepších výsledků dosahovaly všechny testované kvasinky s mikrořasami rodu Demsodesmus a Scenedesmus a v menší míře i rodu Coccomyxa.
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Metabolic adaptation of selected microalgal strains on various nitrogen sources
Kodajek, Matěj ; Šimanský, Samuel (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that, together with other microorganisms (yeast, bacteria), are used in industry, because they produce a wide range of interesting organic substances. This thesis deals with the metabolic adaptation of microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Coccomyxa sp. and cyanobacteria Synechococcus nidulans, Arthrospira maxima, Limnospira maxima, Anabaena torulosa, which were cultivated on various nitrogen sources. These strains are descibed in the theoretical part including the metabolites and their applications in industry. The experimental part describes all chemicals, aids, devices and methods used for cutivation and analysis of microorganisms. The aim of the study was to compare and find out which nitrogen source in the BBM and SPIRULINA medium is the most suitable for a particular strain in terms of production of total biomass and composition of individual metabolites. Sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, glycine, urea and whey protein were used as nitrogen sources. The content and composition of lipids in the biomass was determined by gas chromatography. The content of ubiquinone, carotenoids and chlorophylls was determined by liquid chromatography.
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Simultaneous co-cultivation of selected strains of carotenogenic yeasts and autotrophic bacteria
Blažková, Jana ; Němcová, Andrea (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
The submitted diploma thesis was focused on the study of co-cultivation of selected microorganisms, which were carotenogenic yeasts and cyanobacteria. The production of selected metabolites was compared in these co-cultivations. The main metabolites monitored were carotenoids, sterols, coenzyme Q10, chlorophylls and lipids. Furthermore, this work focused on the study and possibilities of optimizing the production of lipids and lipid substances in selected strains of carotenogenic yeasts and cyanobacterial species. The theoretical part is focused on the description of yeasts, especially carotenogenic yeasts, cyanobacteria and the chemical composition of the produced metabolites. Microorganisms such as yeast and cyanobacteria contain carotenoids, which are natural pigments and are classified as antioxidants. As antioxidants, they have significant biological effects, such as effects on human health. Coenzyme Q has a positive effect on the functioning of organs in the human body. Chlorophyll is widely used in the food industry as a green dye. Lipids produced by microorganisms contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which is currently used in cosmetics or pharmacy. The theoretical part also described the individual analytical methods by which the production of the monitored metabolites could be determined. The experimental part is focused on the production of carotenoids, sterols, coenzyme Q10 and chlorophyll, which were determined by HPLC, lipids and fatty acid profile were determined by GC. The determined metabolites are monitored in different types of co-culture partners (carotenogenic yeast and cyanobacteria) in media with different additions of macroelements (P, N and Mg). This was followed by a co-cultivation experiment using waste oils (frying and coffee oil) and a study of the effect of waste oils added to co-cultivations. Co-cultivation experiments confirmed the ability of carotenogenic yeasts and cyanobacteria to grow together. The best results were obtained with Rhodosporidium toruloides and Anabena torulosa, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Arthrospira maxima.
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Dyes of red and white wine cultivars
Peprná, Tereza ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
Theoretical part of this bachelor thesis contains informations about dyes of red and white grape species. At the beginning there is described component composition of grape berry. The biggest attention was paid to colour of red wine species. It deals with their common characterization, stabilization of their behaviour during production and storage wine. This work includes short recherche of their determination methods. Than there are mentioned colour of white wine cultivars. In another chapter there are described process of freeze drying otherwise lyophilization procedure. This method was used in experimental part while grape sample manufacturing. Grapes were immediately frozed on the dry ice after their separation. Skins were separated from pulp in nitrogen atmosphere and than these skins were lyophilizated.
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Optimization of extraction of metabolites produced by selected strains of microalgae and carotenogenic yeast.
Obračaj, Jan ; Holub, Jiří (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the production of microbial biomass using selected strains of cyanobacteria and carotenogenic yeasts. Subsequent preparation of extracts and study of their stability under different temperature conditions with the addition of the antioxidant tocopherol. In the experiment, 2 series of extracts with hexane and ethanol were prepared. The theoretical part of the work describes the studied metabolites carotenoids, chlorophylls, ubiquinone, ergosterol and microbial lipids. Furthermore, the used strains of cyanobacteria and carotenogenic yeasts are described here. Finally, methods for extraction and analysis of metabolites are described. The experimental part describes the used cultivation techniques, preparation of microbial extracts and used analytical methods. The results part of the work then contains a summary of the results of long-term stability tests of extracts. The results of the work clearly confirm the temperature dependence of the stability of individual metabolites. This phenomenon was most evident in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Hexane appears to be the best solvent in terms of the stability of the substances used. The results of this work provide important information in terms of the economics of storage of these valuable substances usable in the food, pharmaceutical or feed industries.
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Application of chemical and physical stresses in the late phase of growth to selected strains of microorganisms
Langer, Marek ; Holub, Jiří (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
A wide spectrum of microorganisms is used in the biotechnological industry for production of meaningful metabolites; including carotenoids and chlorofyles with antioxidant effects, fatty acids, ubiquinone and ergosterol. Ways to increase yield of metabolites to maximum capacity are being researched to increase efficiency and economical sustainability in industry. One of the ways is the application of chemical stress factors on microorganisms as is described in this thesis. In the theoritical part certain microorganisms, their important intracellular metabolites and their metabolism are established. The last subchapter covers the usage of stress factors in industry. In the experimental part each microorganism was subjected to various concentrations of sodium chloride, cobalt(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride. Significant increase of lipid production was registered after an application of sodium chloride on yeast strain Rhodosporium toruloides. An increase in production of torularhodin in Sporidiobolus pararoseus occured after application of iron salt. After an application of sodium chloride the growth of torularhodin in strains Cystofilobasidium macerans a Rhodosporidium toruloides was significant. Sodium chloride was also a suitable stress factor for lycopene formation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The most meaningful stress factor of algae was cobalt(II) sulfate which increased metabolite production in Scenedesmus obliquus. Cyanobacteria Anabaena torulosa also attained a significant production in the presence of sodium chloride.
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Influence of stress and nutritional conditions on carotenogenic yeast and microalgal metabolism
Sikorová, Pavlína ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis describes the infuence of biological stress (co-cultivations) on the growth and metabolism of selected carotenogenic yeasts and microalgae. The metabolites of these microorganisms are chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are natural pigments and antioxidants. In theory, co-cultivation is a cultivation where microorganisms mutually support each other in the growth and production of metabolites. This would cause the increased production of previously mentioned chlorophyll and carotenoids. The theoretical part of the work is focused on the description of selected species of yeasts and microalgae and further discusses in more detail, the topics of stress factors depending on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms. The experimental part then deals with different types of cultivation and cocultivation and tries to optimize the production media and find the best symbiotic yeasts and microalgae. Furthemore the issue of different ratios of microorganisms in co-cultivations is also addressed here. The cultivated yeasts strains were Rhodotorula kratochvilovae, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Phaffia rhodozyma. And microalgae strains were Desmodesmus acutus, Desmodesmus quadricauda, Coccomyxa sp., Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Scenedesmus obliquus. Cultivated cyanobacterium was Synechoccocus nidulans. The most successful co-cultivation experiment was the one with R. kratochvilovae and yeast Desm. quadricauda. This experiment was very succesful in all aspects.
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Preparation of microbial, plant and algal extracts to use in cosmetics for infants
Janderová, Šárka ; Dzurická, Lucia (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the preparation of a cosmetic product for infants with the addition of active substances from cyanobacteria, microalgae, or plants. In the theoretical part, a review was made, which not only summarizes the basic information about these organisms, but also the antioxidants contained in these microorganisms. In the practical part, several types of extracts from cyanobacteria, algae and plants were prepared and characterized. The content of phenolic substances, chlorophylls and content of carotenoids were measured spectrophotometrically. Content of soluble proteins was determined by Hartree-Lowry method and the fatty acid profile in biomass was obtained by GC. Furthermore, the SPF factor was measured using the spectrophotometric method the Mansur equation. Antioxidant activity was determined by using the TEAC method. Finally, two of the best extracts were selected for the preparation of cosmetic emulsions. The sensory analysis of prepared emulsions was performed for the period of two weeks.
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