|
|
Lipid emulsions in lonf-term parenteral nutition
Ševela, Stanislav ; Novák, František (advisor) ; Cahová, Monika (referee) ; Lahoda Brodská, Helena (referee)
The combination of intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition is a condition associated with mild chronic inflammation and organ injury, the most significant of which is hepatic injury. This crossover-controlled trial investigated the effects of different intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLE) enriched with increased doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) from fish oil (FO) in patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPNP) for chronic intestinal failure. Twelve patients were consecutively given three different IVLEs, with an FO emulsion added after each IVLE. The study also included twelve paired healthy controls for comparison. The aim of this study was to investigate how long-term administration of these IVLEs affected primarily the erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid (FA) spectrum, as well as the inflammatory response, antioxidant status, markers of liver function and bile acid spectrum in HPNP, and how these changes differed from healthy subjects. We demonstrated successful incorporation of n-3 PUFA into erythrocyte phospholipids and corresponding changes in the plasma FA spectrum, characterized in particular by significant increases in n-3 versus n-6 PUFA, with a decrease in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. We also found a more prolonged effect on these changes with high dose FO...
|
|
|
Influence of Storage Conditions on Metabolic Profile of Apples
Duroňová, Kateřina ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
The goal of presented dissertation has been complex analysis of changes in content of fatty acids, enzymatic and low-molecular antioxidants in apples and related evaluation of perception of originators of storage diseases for apples stored in various conditions. Main part of the work has been dedicated to study of the impact of storage of apples in modified atmosphere with reduced amount of oxygen and in reference “normal” atmosphere for six months. Next part of the work has been dedicated to study how apple storage in common, consumer affordable, conditions (storage in a cellar, in a refrigerator, and in room temperature) affects content of low-molecular antioxidants. For testing has been selected apple kinds Jonagored, Golden Delicious, Idared, Šampion, and Granny Smith. Within the scope of this work has been optimized the method for determination of fatty acids in plant material with higher content of wax. The measured values imply the apples are valuable source of many important nutrition substances like vitamins, provitamins and antioxidants. During the storage process these substances exhibit considerable protective function. Long-term storage, mainly in the atmosphere with reduced amount of oxygen (FAN), enables preservation of majority of these important nutrition substances depending on the kind of apple and conditions of storage. Freezing process is conservative to apples (mainly in the presence of protective substances), while in the process of drying the values of all monitored antioxidants decrease depending on temperature and conditions of drying. Upon the choice of the storage method one must consider nutrition, sensoric characteristic and consumer demands.
|
|
|
Changes of enzyme activities in fruits during long-term storage
Ferdová, Jitka ; Melounová,, Jitka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
This study is focused on study of changes of enzyme and low-molecular weight antioxidants in different fruits during long-term storage. In theoretical part individual low-molecular weight antioxidants and enzymes are described. The main causes of fruit decay and some possibilities of fruit preservation and storage are summarized. As biological material some common fruits were chosen - green and red apples, peaches, plums and white grapes. The fruits were stored in laboratory, cellar, in refrigerator and in freezer. In freezing experiments some ways of fruit preparation and processing were tested and their influence on fruit antioxidant status was compared. Shortened storage experiment was applied on blueberries, cranberries, raspberries and strawberries too. In fruits some group parameters – total antioxidant status, dry mass content, ascorbate level, total flavonoids and total phenolics were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Individual flavonoids and phenolics were determined by RP-HPLC/UV-VIS and on-line LC/PDA/ESI-MS. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, polyphenol oxidase PPO and lipoxygenase LOX) were measured by spectrophotometry. The surface microscopy and cultivation of moulds from fruit surface were performed too. Influence of storage conditions on biological activities is dependent on fruit sort. Freezing is the most suitable procedure for long-term storage without significant changes of active substance content. Long-term storage in controlled temperature conditions and/or atmosphere is usable for fruits with longer storage period. In these fruits stabile levels of antioxidant enzymes are stored for relatively long time. Some of enzymes act synergistically. Enzyme activities differed according to storage phase; at the beginning mainly high SOD and LOX activities were observed. CAT and PPO are probably activated as defence systems in rippened and/or damaged fruits. Levels of total as well as individual low molecular weight antioxidants varied during storage in all sorts, generally, increased course with longer storage period can be observed.
|
|
|
Influence of storage conditions on content of biologically active substances in apple fruits.
Ferdová, Jitka ; Čarnecká, Martina (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
This study deals with antioxidants in diet and their effects on human organism. Further, it summarizes the agents affect the quality of apples in the course of long-term storage and it outlines the possibility of defence against them. In the experimental part methods of determination of antioxidant enzymes superoxid dismutase (SOD), catalase and polyphenol oxidace (PPO) in apples were introduced. The enzymes were measured in apples tissues in liquid nitrogen after 158 days in normal or modified atmosphere. In Apple the quantitative and qualitative analysis of proteins was realized. Further, some low molecular antioxidants (total phenolics, total flavonoids and vitamin C) as well as total antioxidant status were measured in frozen raw juice. This values were compared with values from apples analyzed immediately after the harvesting. Artificial inoculation with fungi was made in the last part and the fruitfulness was observed.
|
|
|
Sublethal effects of pesticide mixtures on crayfish
HOVORKOVÁ, Anna
Prometryn, a triazine herbicide, was banned in Europe in 2004. Metazachlor, a chloracetamide used to treat mainly oilseed crops, is one of the herbicides still in use. Individual pesticides or their metabolites can cause adverse effects in the aquatic environment, and the resulting mixtures of pesticides that can form in the environment are another issue in terms of adverse effects in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of mixtures of pesticides mixed from selected concentrations (0.01 mg.l-1, 0.1 mg.l-1, 1 mg.l-1). Pesticides were also tested individually at selected concentrations. The biochemical profile of hemolymph and antioxidant biomarkers and oxidative stress biomarker in hepatopancreatic, muscle and gill tissues of marbled crayfish were determined. Toxicity was assessed using a subchronic toxicity test performed over a period of 8 days. Metazachlor concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg.l-1) caused decreasing ALT, Cl-, Mg2+ and Ca2+ levels and increasing NH3 levels in hemolymph. The effect of all tested mixtures was observed on the increase of GLO, ALT and NH3 levels, here a synergistic effect of the mixtures was observed. The activity of antioxidant biomarkers was affected only in CAT for prometryn (0.01 mg.l-1) and metazachlor (0.01 and 1 mg.l-1). LPO levels were affected by metazachlor (0.01 mg.l-1). There was no effect of pesticide mixtures on LPO levels and antioxidant enzyme activities.
|
|
|
Effect of fungicides and biological control agens on glutathione metabolism.
Vašková, Marie ; Hýsková, Veronika (advisor) ; Jaklová Dytrtová, Jana (referee)
Triazole fungicides are widely used in agriculture to treat a large number of crops. When they accumulate in soil, plants or water sources, they can also affect non-target organisms, in which they can have a negative effect on the endocrine system or re- production. Much less is known about the effect of triazoles on plants, specifically their antioxidant and detoxification systems. In this work, the effect of penconazole (P), tebuconazole (T) or their combination (PT) on tomato plants Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Cherrola was studied. In contrast to the conventional method of fungicide application by foliar spraying, the effect of soil drench containing P, T or PT was also studied. Soil drenching of fungicides had a worse impact on glutathione metabolism: on the thirty-fifth day after weekly fun- gicide application, the content of reduced thiols and glutathione peroxidase activity were reduced in roots, and the key conjugation enzyme of phase II biotransformation, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), was reduced in leaves by 43 to 20 % (depending on the fungicide) compared with untreated plants. In contrast, the content of reduced thiols and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased in leaves. In the case of spraying with both fungicides (PT), although at the same concentration as P and T alone, a...
|
|
|
Antioxidant system of tomato plants exposed to triazole fungicides
Žufić, Antoniana ; Hýsková, Veronika (advisor) ; Jaklová Dytrtová, Jana (referee)
Fungal pathogens cause severe crop losses worldwide. Recently, however, chemical fungicides have become dangerous environmental contaminants affecting non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of triazole fungicides in the form of penconazole (P), tebuconazole (T) or their combination (PT) on tomato plants Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Cherrola. No significant change in the activity of a key enzyme of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, ascorbate peroxidase and activity of cytosolic peroxides, was detected in leaves, roots or fruits at the intervals studied, i.e. after two and five weekly treatments of P, T or PT, either as a foliar or a soil application. While slightly increased guaiacol peroxidase activity was found in roots due to T spraying and PT combination, the activity of this enzyme was reduced in leaves similar to catalase. The greatest changes in leaf antioxidant capacity correlated with increased phenolic and flavonoid content were observed after five treatments of penconazole (P) as a soil application both P alone and in combination as PT. The studied triazoles significantly affected the abundance of isoforms of superoxide dismutase and partially total peroxides in leaves, roots and fruits and of acorbate peroxidase in leaves. The highest content of HSP70 was found in...
|
|
|
Production and elimination of superoxide radical in relation to the compatibility of snails and trematodes
Cibulková, Lucie ; Skála, Vladimír (advisor) ; Nývltová, Eva (referee)
Almost all trematodes use snails as the intermediate host in their life cycles. To survive within the host, they have to efficiently avoid defense reactions of its immune system. The most important effector cells, haemocytes, produce reactive oxygen species with the first molecule known as superoxide radical. Various snail species produce different levels of these radicals in relation to the compatibility with the invasive trematode species. The parasite decreases the levels of toxic radicals by using antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase which catalyzes transformation of superoxide radical into hydrogen peroxide. This dismutation reaction is the first step during the oxidative burst and likely influences survival of trematodes within the host. Based on the current knowledge the production and elimination of superoxide radical in relation to the compatibility between snails and trematodes have been described thoroughly for a few models such as for example Biomphalaria glabrata-Schistosoma mansoni. However, this interaction appears to play a key role and, therefore, it deserves more attention in another models as well. Key words: trematodes, snails, compatibility, haemocytes, oxidative burst, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, superoxide radical
|
|
|
Influence of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition
Svěchová, Hana ; Novák, František (advisor) ; Meisnerová, Eva (referee)
SMOFLipid® is a commonly used fat emulsion for parenteral nutrition. We investigated how enrichment of SMOFLipid® with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a form of second fat emulsion, Omegaven® , changes fatty acid composition of total plasma phospholipids and erythrocyte phospholipids, cytokine concentrations in serum and in supernatant from in vitro whole blood culture stimulated with lipopolasaccharide (LPS) and we evaluated also changes in oxido- reductive balance. Eight patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition recieved both emulsions, SMOFLipid® (6 weeks) and SMOFLipid® +Omegaven® (4 weeks), one by one. We observed no significant differences in common laboratory and clinical parameters between these two types of diet. Enrichment of SMOFLipid® with Omegaven® led to an increase in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in total plasma phospholipids and there was also an increse in proportion of EPA in erythrocyte phospholipids, while proportion of DHA remained unchanged. These changes were in both phospholipids of plasma and erythrocyte compensated for a decrease in proportion of linoleic and arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA). There were elevated IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations in patients after both diets. There was a decrease in IL-6 production by 36% with SMOFLipid®...
|
|
|
Oxidative stress and condition-dependence of ornamental signals of quality in socially monogamous songbird
Valášek, Stanislav ; Tomášek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
6 ABSTRACT Conditional ornaments plays irreplaceable role in sexual selection in non-small part of by sexual reproduction reproducing animals. Fastidiousness of generating and later also carrying of these ornaments which show condition of their wearer, burdens also metabolism in non-small scale. This thesis tests hypothesis of mutual addiction between conditional ornaments, as the indicators of qualities of individuals and metabolism, as the most significant source of free radicals which are responsible for oxidative stress. The real weight of influence of ornament fastidiousness on organism, resp. on redox state, is tested in this thesis. Manipulations which were performed with individual males of model species should point how much the selected factors correlate each other. The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is the model species. Analyses of dates collected during trapping which were realized in breeding seasons in 2012 and 2013 does not show any important trends between observing variables. This fact is confirmed by minimal differences and inconsistent variability of levels of measured antioxidants - oxidoreductases, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The marginal effect of manipulations with one of the conditional ornaments which are presented in model species supports the hypothesis of...
|
guest ::
