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Subject constancy in English texts compared with Czech
POTUŽNÍKOVÁ, Radka
This diploma thesis titled Subject constancy in English texts compared with Czech explores the relative constancy of subject in English complex sentences. The theoretical part of the thesis starts with a chapter about the subject as a clause constituent, then proceeds to define principles which influence word order in English and Czech, and lastly specifies what exactly, according to the Czech linguist Vilém Mathesius, is meant by the subject constancy. The practical part of the thesis focuses on language analysis which should confirm or disprove the theory about English having a much stronger inclination for subject constancy than Czech. The analysis was performed on authentic, stylistically diverse English texts and their equivalents in Czech, which is why the thesis also deals with the quality of translation.
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Contrastive analysis of modifier particles in Czech and in Spanish
TANZEROVÁ, Jaroslava
This thesis deals with the contrastive analysis of modifier particles in Czech and Spanish, with regard to their potential function as focusing adverbs. It's focused on the words and expressions, which are used in texts translated from Czech to Spanish to express the meaning of Czech modifier particles. The work consists of two main parts. In the theoretical part of the thesis, there are presented different types of word classes. These words and expressions are classified into these different word classes according to different Czech and Spanish grammar books. Another part of this thesis deals with the topic of Functional sentence perspective and the focusing particles from the perspective of both Czech and Spanish linguists. The analytical part is focused on the contrastive analysis of texts translated from Czech to Spanish, in which there was used the Czech modifier particle in the original text. This contrastive analysis is base on the data obtained from the parallel corpus InterCorp.
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"Be/have", "have/be" as equivalents of Czech "být/mít"; and "být/mít", "mít/být" as equivalents of English "be/have" in parallel texts: a comparison of the semantic and information structure of divergents counterparts.
Procházková, Ilona ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Brůhová, Gabriela (referee)
This diploma thesis examines translation counterparts of the English verbs be and have and the Czech verbs být and mít. It focuses on instances with a divergent translation counterpart, i.e. instances in which be corresponds to mít and have corresponds to být in the English-Czech direction, and instances of být being reflected as have and mít as be in the Czech - English direction. The aim of the paper is to determine to what extent divergent verb counterparts are used in the translation, whether the target language has available alternatives with a verb counterpart identical with the original, and what are the motivating factors that influence the choice of a divergent verb counterpart. Another objective is to examine the changes in the syntactic and semantic structure connected with the use of a divergent verb counterpart, and to assess their impact on the functional sentence perspective. The research used material from the parallel Intercorp. A total of 164 examples with a divergent verb counterpart was excerpted and the research was divided into four parts, according to the source language and the verb. The use of divergent verb counterparts was explained mostly by a lexical gap in the target language, or by semantic and stylistic factors and to a smaller extent also by the influence of the...
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Syntactic, semantic and FSP aspects of ditransitive complementation: a study of give, lend, send, offer and show
Brůhová, Gabriela ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The subject of the present study is an analysis of five ditransitive verbs: give, lend, send, offer and show. The study focuses on the position of the two objects and on the factors that have an impact on the object ordering. An attempt is here made to provide a systematic overview of the position of the two objects with respect to their realization (i.e. substantival or pronominal). As regards the realization of the two objects, four types are distinguished: i. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by nouns; ii. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by pronouns; iii. Oi /Oprep realized by a noun and Od by a pronoun; iv. Oi /Oprep realized by a pronoun and Od by a noun. The position of the objects is assumed to be associated with the distribution of communicative dynamism or in other words with the principle of end-focus, i.e. that given information tends to precede new information. The second principle that operates in the ordering the two objects is the principle of end-weight. Of the three (or four, including intonation) factors whose interplay determines the FSP function of a clause element, in the case of ditransitive complementation the most important role is played by the contextual factor. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the context-dependence / independence of the two objects. The present...
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Rhematic subjects in written English: regular preverbal position vs. focusing by it-cleft
Kudrnová, Anna ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Brůhová, Gabriela (referee)
The thesis aims to describe and compare the use of two English syntactic structures: sentences with a rhematic subject in the preverbal position and it-clefts with focused subject. It does so from the viewpoint of functional sentence perspective as conceived and elaborated by the members of the Prague Linguistic School and their Brno School followers. The main goal of the thesis is to determine whether the constructions are mutually exclusive or whether they can be under certain circumstances interchangeable. For the purposes of the analysis, 200 example sentences were collected from contemporary fiction, i.e. 100 for each construction. Subsequently, their relevant features were examined, especially those concerning dynamic semantic scales and realization form of the subjects; these aspects were expected to differ. The analysis has shown that each of the constructions has rather specific uses and they overlap only rarely, in sentences in which the two basic dynamic semantic scales, the Presentation Scale and the Quality Scale, intersect.
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Syntactic and FSP aspects of the existential construction in Norwegian
Dubec, Pavel
The aim of the present thesis is to analyze the Norwegian existential construction (presenteringskonstruksjonen) with regard to syntax, static semantics, dynamic semantics, and functional sentence perspective (FSP). The thesis first introduces the firbasian FSP theory in general, demonstrating the concepts on Norwegian examples. Then the theories most relevant for the study of the existential construction are summarized. The analysis is carried out on a sample of 1000 instances (500 taken from fiction and 500 excerpted from academic prose), and focuses mainly on the notional subject, the verb, and a possible adverbial. The syntactic analysis includes the position and the structure of the notional subject and adverbials. In addition, the lexical semantics of the head words and static semantics of adverbials were observed. The FSP analysis focused on the FSP functions of the individual clause elements and the FSP patterns the existential construction may realize. In addition, the dynamic semantic roles were studied in relation to the static semantic roles. The aim of the analyses is to find out in what circumstances the existential construction may realize the presentation scale or the quality scale, and what functions the construction may perform. The thesis observes the application of FSP on real...
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Czech in aphasia: what can off-line experiments tell us?
Flanderková, Eva ; Mertins, Barbara (advisor) ; Nebeská, Iva (referee) ; Lehečková, Helena (referee)
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English tough-constructions and their Czech counterparts
Dudáková, Petra ; Popelíková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Dušková, Libuše (referee)
This thesis deals with English tough-constructions and their Czech translation counterparts. Tough-constructions are constructions the verb phrases of which most frequently contain an adjective and their object is placed into the position of a subject (e.g. he is difficult to get on with). These constructions have no Czech syntactic equivalent. The transposition of the object into the subject position is also possible with some nouns and verbs. Adjectives or nouns complementing the infinitive phrase (a.k.a. tough-predicates) then evaluate the action or the object of the action expressed by the infinitive phrase. The aim of this thesis is to determine how these English constructions are translated into the Czech language. For the purpose of the analysis one hundred instances of the English tough-constructions together with their Czech translation counterparts were extracted from the InterCorp, a parallel English-Czech corpus. The analysis itself focuses on the examination of their syntactic structure, realization of the verb, the translation of the adjective, temporal reference and functional sentence perspective of the Czech semantic equivalent of the English subject. key words: tough-constructions, translation counterparts, tough-predicates, syntactic structure, functional sentence perspective
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Thematic progression in selected journalistic texts
Jirmusová, Petra ; Popelíková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Brůhová, Gabriela (referee)
The thesis studies thematic progression (TP) in selected journalistic texts. Thematic progression, a concept introduced by FrantišekDaneš (1974), draws on the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP). According to FSP, overwhelming majority of sentences contain the theme and the rheme, i.e. elements carrying the lowest and the highest degree of communicative dynamism (CD), respectively. Despite being the least dynamic element, the theme plays an important role in the organization of the text; its progression throughout the text notably contributes to textual cohesion. The empirical part of the thesis is based on Peter H. Friesʼs (1995) assumption that patterns of thematic progression (TP) do not occur randomly, but different patterns of thematic progressions correlate with different genres. The aim of the thesis is to ascertain which pattern of thematic progression might be specific for the newspaper genre. For this purpose, thematic progression will be observed in two different journals - USA Today and New York Times - concerning the same subject matter; the 2016 US presidential election. For the analytical part, fifty utterances will be extracted from each article. Finally, the articles will be compared in terms of the prevailing pattern of thematic progression. key words: thematic...
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