|
|
Determination of pharmaceuticals in wastewaters
Horkelová, Simona ; Sobotníková, Jana (advisor) ; Coufal, Pavel (referee)
The issue of pharmaceutical accumulation in the environment is a pressing concern today. Annually, the consumption and misuse of pharmaceuticals increase, with a significant portion ultimately being discharged into wastewater. Unfortunately, wastewater treatment processes often prove inadequate in effectively removing these substances, as they were not originally designed for this purpose. Consequently, pharmaceuticals gradually infiltrate water systems, resulting in heightened pollution of surface water, groundwater, and even drinking water sources. Due to insufficient legislation, there is a need for stricter monitoring and elimination of pharmaceutical substances containing. This master's thesis investigates the presence of pharmaceuticals and some metabolites in wastewater samples using an accredited method at ALS Czech Republic laboratory. It compares the input and output concentrations of drugs in wastewater treatment plants of varying sizes and assesses the efficacy of their removal. Additionally, it contrasts municipal sewage treatment plants serving communities with hospital wastewater treatment plants. Key words: LC-MS, pharmaceuticals, metabolites, wastewaters, environment
|
|
|
Effectiveness of activated carbon in removing pharmaceuticals from water
Kučera, Jakub ; Lukášová, Daniela (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with micropollutants in drinking water sources, specifically pharmaceuticals and the possibilities of their removal from drinking water. The theoretical part describes the possible pathways for the supply of pharmaceuticals to water sources, the most common types of pharmaceuticals found in water sources and the options for their removal. The practical part of the bachelor thesis is devoted to the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in raw water taken for drinking purposes and comparison of the properties of original and new activated carbon in their removal. Finally, the removal efficiency of selected quality parameters is compared.
|
|
|
Technology for removal of micropollutants from water
Voldán, Jakub ; Biela, Renata (referee) ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor)
The issue of contamination of water sources by emerging micropollutants is an ongoing challenge for the water industry. This thesis is focused on the most common micropollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, bisphenol A or phthalates). In addition, attention is given to water treatment technologies for the removal of these micropollutants from water treated for drinking purposes. These include adsorption on activated carbon, advanced oxidation processes and membrane processes. The practical part deals with the site Chroustov u Bohdalova, where above-limit concentrations of the pesticide acetochlor ESA have been observed. Subsequently, a design of a technological stage for the removal of the mentioned pollution is made for this site as a supplement to the existing water treatment technology at the Chroustov water reservoir.
|
|
|
Possibilities of using the multigenerational test on the organism Daphnia magna
Měšťánková, Anna ; Maršálková, Eliška (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the study of the effects of pharmaceutical substances ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid, as well as their combinations, on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna through multigenerational ecotoxicological tests. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in ecosystems is a significant environmental problem, which necessitates a deeper understanding of their long-term effects on organisms, including aquatic ones. The work monitored the influence of the aforementioned pharmaceuticals through acute tests, as well as chronic ones. While the acute toxicity of these substances is not significant, their long-term impact was demonstrated through chronic tests. A significant decrease in the reproductive capacity of D. magna was observed, manifesting not only in the delay of the first brood but primarily in the overall decrease in offspring numbers across generations. The findings indicate that the combination of drugs can have synergistic toxic effects, which in some cases may lead to a complete cessation of reproduction. Additionally, growth inhibitions, behavioral changes, and body deformations in exposed organisms were observed. These multigenerational tests provide a comprehensive and realistic view of the potential ecotoxicological risk of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems and support the need for in-depth research on the impact of pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms.
|
|
|
Fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting
Nehasilová, Alena
Vermicomposting is recently becoming a rather popular environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing biowaste, including sewage sludge. There is an effort to utilize the sewage sludge as fertilizer on agricultural land. But apart from nutrients, the sludge also contains harmful pollutants, which subsequently after its deposition on fields can be taken up by plants and organisms contaminating the food chains. Micropollutants, the substances that can be found throughout the environment in trace concentrations, are one of the pollutants occurring in sludge. It is for example pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or pesticides. Their negative effects are known - they can be for instance endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, or the development of cancer. Although the deposition of sewage sludge on fields as a fertilizer is one of the main introduction routes of micropollutants to the environment, the content of micropollutants before deposition is not monitored nor regulated. This dissertation focuses on the fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting, especially in sewage sludge substrates. The vermicomposting method was applied to stabilize coffee spent grounds and sewage sludge obtained from distinct wastewater treatment plants mixed with...
|
|
|
Development of Continuous Technology for the Preparation of Pharmaceuticals
Jaklová, Natalie
The present research focuses on the transition of a batch reaction assisted by phase transfer catalyst (PTC) into continuous process. The first reaction studied was an N-alkylation reaction with methyl ester of the 1-methyl-10α-methoxydihydrolysergic acid (MeLUME) as product. MeLUME is one of the intermediates in synthesis of drug Nicergoline. The N-alkylation occurs in two different immiscible phases and the bridge between these phases is the phase transfer catalyst. The study was performed in several different continuous flow apparatuses. The best results were obtained in a capillary reactor, with assistance of ultrasound.
Plný tet:  PDF
|
|
|
Study of the use of crops for phytoremediation of contaminated soil by pharmaceuticals
Hamplová, Marie ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
Pharmaceuticals leaking into the environment from wastewater and livestock farms raise concerns about the impact on the ecosystem and human health. Residues of pharmaceuticals present in soil are subject to a number of biotic and abiotic processes, including uptake, translocation and accumulation by plants. The ability of plants to accumulate or degrade pharmaceuticals could have potential applications in the process of 'phytoremediation', where plants and their associated micro-organisms are used to stabilise, degrade or remove contaminants from the environment. In the framework of this thesis, experiments on phytoremediation of drug-contaminated soil by the cover crop oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Oleiformis) under controlled conditions were conducted. Soil samples were extracted by ultrasonic extraction, plant samples by QuEChERS method and the final analysis of drugs was performed by UPLC-MS/MS. Oilseed radish produced a large amount of aboveground biomass compared to the other two crops and the presence of drugs had no negative effect on its growth. However, the determined levels of each drug in the soil and in the crop showed insufficient effectiveness of phytoremediation. The accumulation of drugs by the crop was low except for residues of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Therefore, according to these results, oilseed radish is not a suitable crop for phytoremediation of drug-contaminated soil. Experiments were also carried out with the root vegetable radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Sativus) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) to assess the risk to human health associated with the accumulation of drugs in vegetable roots. The risk has not been demonstrated in terms of the amount of established drugs in the roots. Only the metabolite clofibric acid accumulated to a higher extent and the antibiotic trimethoprim was the most translocated to the aerial parts of the crop. The rate of uptake and translocation of drugs by the plant depended on many factors, as their content varied considerably between drug groups and between parts and types of crops.
|
|
|
Fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting
Grasserová, Alena ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macek, Tomáš (referee) ; Lhotský, Ondřej (referee)
Vermicomposting is recently becoming a rather popular environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing biowaste, including sewage sludge. There is an effort to utilize the sewage sludge as fertilizer on agricultural land. But apart from nutrients, the sludge also contains harmful pollutants, which subsequently after its deposition on fields can be taken up by plants and organisms contaminating the food chains. Micropollutants, the substances that can be found throughout the environment in trace concentrations, are one of the pollutants occurring in sludge. It is for example pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or pesticides. Their negative effects are known - they can be for instance endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, or the development of cancer. Although the deposition of sewage sludge on fields as a fertilizer is one of the main introduction routes of micropollutants to the environment, the content of micropollutants before deposition is not monitored nor regulated. This dissertation focuses on the fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting, especially in sewage sludge substrates. The vermicomposting method was applied to stabilize coffee spent grounds and sewage sludge obtained from distinct wastewater treatment plants mixed with...
|
|
|
Options removal of micropollutants with water treatment processes
Zdražilová, Alena ; Bogáňová, Ida (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
This diploma thesis is engaged in problems of micropollutants removal by water treatment process. The first part aims to define single micropollutants, possibilities of their removal in laboratory and micropollutants removal on water treatment plant. In the second part, there is data evaluation of water analyses on factual water treatment plant. Also there is description and evaluation of experiment, which aims to pesticide removal from river by using filtration across granulated active carbon.
|
|
|
Distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants
Šilhánková, Lenka ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with a trending topic – wastewater distribution of pharmaceuticals proven to be toxic to non-target organisms – specifically, the occurrence of beta-blockers, plentifully used in treating hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Members of this group, Atenolol, Acebutolol and Bisoprolol were chosen for closer study. The elimination of these chemicals was observed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with different treatment technologies and various number of population equivalents. For said analytes, UHPLC with UV/VIS detection using diode array detector (DAD) method was optimalised. A part of this thesis also deals with optimalization of isolation and concentrating the analytes. Unfortunately, the described method was not suitable for real sample analysis, because in most samples, the limit of quantification or even the limit of detection was not exceeded. It would be best for an analytical method with higher sensitivity, e. g. mass detector, to be used. The data gained in this experiment do not hold any informational value about the effectiveness of WWTP, as the exact amount of Acebutolol in effluent was measured only in one case. Based on the to-date executed analysis, it is impossible to conclude whether the quality of the treated water, concerning the content of aforementioned pharmaceuticals, is in any way ideal.
|
guest ::
