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Production of cytokines in mice infected with bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Majer, Martin ; Macháček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
The neuropathogenic trematode Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae) infects the central nervous system of birds and mammals. During its migration through the spinal cord, the parasite causes tissue damage and triggers inflammation which is likely responsible for the elimination of the parasite. In this thesis, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17 were detected by immunohistochemistry in the affected spinal cord of C57BL/6J mice during the infection. Additionally, IL-4 and IL-6, participating in the regulation of the inflammation and tissue repair, respectively, were noticed. Astrocytes, microglia and other, yet unidentified cells, produced these cytokines. Furthermore, splenic T-lymphocytes were phenotyped by flow cytometry to characterize peripheral immune response. At the peak of nervous tissue inflammation, mixed (Th1/Th2) cellular immune response was observed. Taken together, this thesis extended the knowledge of cytokine immune response of mice infected with T. regenti and also confirmed that inflammation in the nervous tissue influences the polarization of peripheral immune response. Key words: cytokines, spleen, CNS, microglia, astrocytes, Trichobilharzia regenti, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry
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The role of nitric oxide in helminthoses
Šmídová, Barbora ; Macháček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule produced mainly by activated macrophages, but some other cells as well, in reaction to an infection. Since late 80s, when the effect of NO on schistosomes was demonstrated, many experiments have been conducted examining both the effect of NO on other helminths and its role in helminthoses. In vitro experiments center mainly upon direct effects of NO on helminths - loss of motility and viability in particular. On the other hand, in vivo studies focus on the course of infection and pathological changes in hosts. However, in vitro and in vivo data do not always corroborate. Moreover, the effects of NO differ not only across helminth genera but also for developmental stages of the same parasite.
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Immune system, nitric oxide and parasites
Oreský, Matej ; Hrdý, Ivan (advisor) ; Macháček, Tomáš (referee)
Nitric oxide belongs to smallest known molecules. It has been known since the mid- 17th century, but only in the second half of the 20th century its significance in medicine began to be discovered. Already in the 19th century, nitroglycerin was used to treat heart disease, and the connection with nitric oxide was later found. Nitric oxide works, for example, as a signaling molecule in biosystems, acts as a vasodilator in endothelial tissue but also has a number of pathophysiological effects. Because of its radical nature, it plays an important role in the immune system in the non-specific response. By reaction with certain radicals in the body, strong reactive compounds such as peroxynitrite can form. However, some intracellular parasites have been found to be able to resist the effects of the immune system associated with the NO molecule. They could, besides other things, serve proteins from the family of flavodiiron proteins to this purpose. At the end this review focuses on the group of flavodiiron proteins and the interaction of three parasites with the immune system of the host: Entamoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas. Key words: Nitric oxide, NO synthase, macrophage, Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, flavodiiron protein
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Role of glial cells in the immune response of mice infected by neurotropic fluke Trichobilharzia regenti
Macháček, Tomáš ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
A central nervous system (CNS) can be invaded by plenty of parasites, including parasitic helminths. Host's immune response during such infections includes not only participation of peripheral lymphocytes, but also astrocytes and microglia, resident glial cells present in the CNS. Activation of astrocytes and microglia has been recently demonstrated also in mice infected by neurotropic avian trematode Trichobilharzia regenti (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) for which mammals represent accidental hosts. The parasite does not mature in them and elicits development of inflammatory reaction in the CNS which may take part in parasite's destruction. Employing in vitro experiments, this thesis aimed at evaluation of the possible role of astrocytes and microglia in murine immune response to T. regenti. For this purpose, primary astrocyte and microglia culture preparations were established and the cells were then stimulated by antigens of T. regenti (homogenate of transformed cercariae, recombinant cathepsins B1.1 and B2). After that, production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) was measured. The results revealed that in vitro stimulated astrocytes and microglia increase production of nitric oxide, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Such response to parasite's antigens could influence...
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Host immune response in neuroinfections caused by parasitic helminths.
Macháček, Tomáš ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Štáfková, Jitka (referee)
Among helmiths, there are some parasites which may dwell in the central nervous system of humans during their ontogenic development. Contrary to the former concept of so called immune privilege of this site, hosts develop the immune response against them. Both immune cells and resident immunocompetent cells (astrocytes, microglia) participate in these immune reactions. The host immune response consists of cellular as well as humoral immunity. This bachelor's thesis gives the general features of the immune response in the central nervous system and describes the immune response during particular helminthic neuroinfections: neuroschistosomiasis, neurocysticercosis and neurotoxocarosis.
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Using Physical Activities and Music Therapy in Treatment of Persons with Mental Retardation - their Use in ÚSP Brandýs nad Labem
Macháček, Tomáš ; Jebavá, Jana (advisor) ; Strnad, Pavel (referee)
Název: Uplatnění pohyboyých aktivit a muzikoterapie při léčbě 9sob s mentální retardací-využití muzikoterapie a pohybových aktivit v USP v Brandýse nad Labem - Stará Boleslav Using the excercises activities and music therapy in the threatment of persons with the mental retardation- using music therapy and excercise activities in ÚSP Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav. Cíle práce: Cílem této práce, bylo proniknout do běžného života osob s mentální retardací, seznámit se s jejich životem, různými druhy a novými trendy terapie spojené s pohybem a možnostmi práce s mentálně postiženými. Předmětem práce také bylo zjistit vztah mentálně retardovaných k pohybu, sportu a veškerým pohybovým aktivitám, jak pohyb oni sami vnímají, zda je pro ně prospěšný, zda má nějaký vliv na fyzický a psychický vývoj těchto jedinců a vliv na léčbu a udržování určitého stupně psychomotorického vývoje. Metoda: Průzkum byl proveden v ÚSP v Brandýse nad Labem u dvanácti klientů s rozdílným stupněm mentální retardace, kteří byli vybráni na základě konzultace s vychovateli a rodiči, analýzy jejich dokumentace (psychologické, lékařské vyšetření) a mou zkušeností při práci s mm1. Metoda průzkumu byla provedena formou strukturovaného rozhovoru s klienty. Výsledky jsem následně zhodnotil na konci práce. Výsledky: Z vyhodnocení dat,...
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School of Art Brno
Macháček, Tomáš ; Teplý, Vladimír (referee) ; Odvárka, Antonín (advisor) ; Štěpánek, Ladislav (advisor)
The theme of the project was to create a new building of Brno School of Art. The building is located on the territory of Brno-Kraví hora and is surrounded by the park, astronomical observatory and planetárium and the gardens. The land is located on a sloping terrain and nowadays there are situated old buildings intended for demolition on it. The design reacts to the difficult slope of the land and its aim is not only to create a new building, but also transformation of the land into the attractive park. The object is designed as a single mass consisting of the main building and two attached pavillons. There are branches of studies like fine arts department, musical department, department of dance and the literary drama department. The building is designed to have two floors. Construction is consisting of combination of reinforced concrete skeleton and reinforced concrete walls. The facade is made up of corten metal plates. The parts of the buildings are also Café and multifunctional hall, in which there is possible to hold performances or exhibitions. The aim is to open both the land and school to public and integrate the Kraví hora to the city life
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Design of vehicle suspension stabilizer
Macháček, Tomáš ; Ramík, Pavel (referee) ; Porteš, Petr (advisor)
Tato diplomová práce je zaměřená na stabilizátory u podvozku aut. První část popisuje všeobecné znalosti vlivu naklonění karosérie na jizdní vlastnosti auta a možnosti konstrukčních řešení používaných v praxi. Dále jsou v této části uvedeny nevýhody použití stabilizátoru a jejich náhrady. Nasledující téma se zaměřuje na soutěž Formule Student a její všeobecná pravidla. Hlavní částí této práce je analýza stabilizátoru Formule Ford, na kterou v poslední části této práce navazuje analýza předního a zadního stabilizátoru Formule Student. Byly vytvořené kompletní MBS modely pro přední a zadní zavěšení včetně stabilizátoru. Díky těmto modelům bylo možné provést výpočty klopných tuhostí a pevnostní výpočty. Z těchto výpočtů bylo možné určit vhodné nastavení stabilizátoru. Všechny modely mohou být dále použitelné pro analýzu jízdních vlastností příslušného vozidla.
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Racing car chassis
Macháček, Tomáš ; Ramík, Pavel (referee) ; Píštěk, Václav (advisor)
Cílem této bakalářské práce je analýza současných konceptů podvozků závodních okruhových aut. V první části práce je zpracován historický vývoj, charakteristika kol a pneumatik s reprezentací dobře známých produktů. V druhé části je popsán systém odpružení, pružné média a tlumící členy. Systémy odpružení je zde rozdělen na nezávisle a polozávislé zavěšení kol a odpružení pevných náprav. Následující oddíl této práce je zaměřený na standardní kontrolní systémy, jako jsou ABS, ESC a TSC. Závěr přináší rychlé shrnutí této problematiky.
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