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The Relation between Attention and Consciousness
Čihák, Martin ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Kaplan, Cyril (referee)
The bachelor thesis presents findings of experiments which examined mutual relation between consciousness and various types of attention (top-down and bottom-up; feature, objective and spatial) and summarizes both empirical and theoretical arguments for and against dissociation of attention and consciousness. The conclusion of the thesis is that the literature implies attention being necessary but not sufficient condition for consciousness. In the second part of the thesis a replication study is proposed which aims to verify whether interactions of consciousness and attention, found previously within the visual modality, appear within the auditory modality as well. Keywords: consciousness, attention, perception, experimental psychology
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Factors associated with cheating
Bartoš, František ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The number of studies investigating cheating has quickly grown in recent years. Followingly, the number of theories trying to explain the dishonest behavior and variance in experimental designs has increased as well. This thesis explains the principles on which the experimental designs are based, highlights their strengths and the weak sides and variations trying to get rid of them. In addition, it summarizes the current empirical findings with an assessment of their credibility. Furthermore, it makes use of the presented knowledge while proposing a study overcoming methodological issues of previous studies while focusing on effect with insufficient empirical support - a relationship between sleep deprivation and dishonest behavior mediated by depletion. Keywords Cheating, dishonesty, sleep deprivation
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Visual Memory of Fragmented Scenes - Role of Detail and Extrapolation
Koppová, Kateřina ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Kulišťák, Petr (referee)
Every day we are exposed to huge amounts of visual stimuli (scenes). However, i tis not yet clear how accurately these scenes are stored and remembered, and what is the role of detail relative to the memory for the whole image. More specifically, to what extent the details are remembered and to what extent we extrapolate the unseen content from the presented details. We used fragmented scenes (broken to 4x4 grids) to investigate this question. Fragmented scenes were composed of three different theme categories (indoor, natural, man-made), each with different number of presented patches (3, 5 and 8). Our main research question is, whether there is any relationship between the number of presented patches and the ability to recognize which patches were presented and which were not (but still patches from the same photograph). In analysis we focus on Signal Detection Theory characteristics, mainly memory sensitivity (d') and bias. We run two experiments and in both the highest scores for (d') were for 3 patches (Exp.1: d'(n3) = 0,67; Exp.2: d'(n3) = 0,66) with bias towards negative answers (Exp.1: c(n3) = 0,27; Exp.2: c(n3) = 0,16). For 5 and 8 patches the (d') was lower (Exp.1: d'(n5) = 0,35; d'(n8) = 0,34; Exp.2: d'(n5) = 0,39; d'(n8) = 0,41) and in the same time bias was towards positive answers...
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Attention of high school students with the use of earplugs during the learning process
Doležalová, Pavlína ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Čáp, David (referee)
Attention is a complex ability, which significantly contributes to the process of intentional learning. On the theoretical level, this thesis focuses on the types and theories of attention related to the effective management of school demands. More specifically, it focuses on the development period of older school age and adolescence, i. e. secondary school pupils. The paper analyzes the results of scientific studies that have been focused on the research of attention and its properties (e.g. stability, concentration or selectivity). The work is focused on examining whether a low-cost compensation aid - here earplugs - can improve concentration and stability of attention during learning. Furthermore, the work briefly mentions the physiological basis of the functioning of this cognitive process. The conclusion of the theoretical part of the paper maps the current possibilities of diagnostics of attention, especially in children and adolescents. There are also sporadic mentions of selected attention disorders (e.g. ADD, ADHD), which are closely related (not only) to learning. In the empirical part of the thesis, a quantitative research is described, using several different tests of attention. The research question is whether and how the attention (concentrating) and, where appropriate, the...
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Subjective perception of time focusing on short-term activities
Kafková, Lucie ; Höschlová, Eva (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis investigates the subjective perception of time, especially the exactness of the interval length estimation, subjective passage of time, in relation to the time perspective, the level of difficulty in emotion regulation and age. Furthermore, the thesis investigates differences in retrospective and prospective paradigm in interval length estimate. Research was conducted online, with a total number of 180 respondents. Data collection had occurred during a 4 month period. Main instruments were the Czech versions of the ZTPI - Zimbardo's time perspective inventory and the DERS-SF-CZ - Difficulty in emotion regulation scale; moreover, for the declaration of subjective passage of time was employed a method of verbal estimation. Subjective interval length was registered after finishing rewriting of two short texts. The results have showed statistically significant relationships between subjective passage of time and age; between the level of difficulty in emotion regulation and subjective passage of time. Amongst the persons orientated onto positive and negative past, there was found a significant relationship between the subjective passage of time and the difficulty in emotion regulation. Results have also shown that the interval length is overestimated in both, prospective and...
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Visual Memory - its capacity and fidelity
Černá, Kristýna ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Novák, Ondřej (referee)
Visual short-term memory and visual long-term memory are two memory systems which differ in storage capacity. The latest research on short-term visual memory indicates that it uses a limited capacity source which is being unequally re-allocated between the stored items. The fidelity of memory recall concerning a specific item improves with the increase of the allocated source capacity. Because early research on visual long-term memory suggests that its capacity is almost unlimited, newer studies focus on the fidelity of preserved memories. Visual memory capacity, be it about short-term or long-term memory, is defined by both the number of stored memories and their fidelity. The thesis presents a literature review systemizing research on visual memory capacity. It describes the visual memory systems, characterizes the formation of a visual representation, and discusses the principles of remembering details of visual scenes and the memorability of pictures. The empirical part includes a research design focusing on remembering details from different specific central parts of a picture.
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Personality Predictors of Conservatism, Liberalism and Authoritarianism
Pour, Marek ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Bahbouh, Radvan (referee)
Broadly defined political ideology: Liberalism, Conservatism and Right-wing authoritarianism - often percieved as identical, are concepts dominantly used by researchers as descriptors of two distinct groups of people. However, this ideological understanding stems from overly generalized conclusions of current research: Empirically defined Social and Economic dimension of ideology is better described by two negatively correlated factors than one broad conservatism factor. Social and Economic conservatism and Authoritarianism are rather distinct concepts with specific personality and demographic correlates. Social and Economic ideology is - in part contrary to expectations - mostly predicted by Openness to Experience, Extraversion and Emotional stability. Economic conservatism differs from other ideological dimensions being mostly predicted by Income and Education. Social conservatism differs from Authoritarianism being predicted by Age. Moreover, in contrast with Authoritarianism, Economic and Social conservatism are both connected to unique opposite interactions of Income and Openness to Experience. Keywords Social and economic ideological dimensions, Authoritarianism, Personality predictors
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Validation of Bayesian Model of Causal Inferences Made on the Basis of Perceived Coincidences
Stehlík, Luděk ; Bahbouh, Radvan (advisor) ; Buriánek, Jiří (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
1 SUMMARY In general this thesis deals with the question whether or to what extent human thinking is rational in terms of the optimality of the way people achieve their goals and in terms of the consistency between people's beliefs and the structure of the world. This question is quite difficult to answer unequivocally because the answer will always depend on the nature of the particular task and the exact way in which we define rationality. Among other things, that's the reason why we can meet two contradictory schools of thought within the so-called Great Rationality Debate, one of which is convinced of the systematic irrationality of human thinking (in the sense of the systematic deviation of human thinking from normative predictions stemming from the principles of rational thinking as they are captured by the statistical theory of probability, formal logic or decision theory), while the other one considers human thought to be more or less rational, and finds the source of its (alleged) failure elsewhere. In the case of the latter, however, the question is how to explain the apparent existence of irrational behavior and interindividual differences in such behavior. One possible answer to this question is illustrated by Griffiths and Tenenbaum's Bayesian model of causal reasoning based on perceived...
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Flow Induced Vibration Fatigue Analysis of Tube Bundle
Buzík, Jiří ; Vincour, Dušan (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee) ; Vejvoda, Stanislav (advisor)
The aim of the dissertation thesis is the control of the tube bundle on the cyclic fatigue caused by the flow past tube bundle. Fatigue due to flow is caused by flow-induced vibrations. Examined vibrations are caused by the mutual interaction of two phases (solid and liquid). The present work is focused mainly on the interaction of tube bundles with fluid. The current level of knowledge in this field allows to predict mainly static respectively quazi-static loading. These predictions are based on methods of comparing key vibration variables such as frequencies, amplitudes or speeds (see TEMA [1]). In this way, it is possible to determine quickly and relatively precisely the occurrence of a vibrational phenomenon, but it is not possible to quantitatively assess the effect of these vibrations on the damage of to the tube beam and to predict its lifespan, which would require the determination of the temperature field and the distribution of forces from the fluid on the beam. The aim of the work is to evaluate the-state-of-the-art, to perform a numerical simulation of the flow of fluids in the area of shell side under the inlet nozzle. Current methods of numerical analyses very well solve this problem, but at the expense of computing time, devices and expensive licences. The benefit of this work is the use of user-defined function (UDF) as a method for simulating interaction with fluid and structure in ANSYS Fluent software. This work places great emphasis on using the current state of knowledge for verifying and validation. Verifying and validation of results include, for example, experimentally measured Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, the drag coefficients and for example magnitude of pressure coefficient around the tube. At the same time, it uses the finite element method as a tool for the stress-strain calculation of a key part on tube such as a pipe-tube joint. Another benefit of this work is the extension of the graphical design of heat exchanger according to Poddar and Polley by vibration damages control according to the method described in TEMA [1]. In this section, the author points out the enormous influence of flow velocity on both the tube side and the shell side for design of the heat exchanger to ensure faultless operation. As an etalon of damage, the author chose a heat exchanger designated 104 from the Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration Data Bank [3]. With this heat exchanger, vibrational damage has been proven to be due to cutting of the tubes over the baffles. The last part outlines the possibilities and limits of further work.
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