|
|
The Use of Verb Tense in Subordinate Content Clauses in Czech
Koutová, Marta ; Panevová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Karlík, Petr (referee) ; Janovec, Ladislav (referee)
The subject of this dissertation is an analysis of the use of verbal tenses in Czech subordinate clauses. This analysis is based on the notions of relative and absolute tenses and on the distinction between content and adjunct clauses. We test the hypothesis about the connection of relative and absolute tense with the type of a subordinated clause (content and adjunct) and propose a revised version of the views presented in Czech grammars, monographs and articles based on a detailed analysis of the data from the Czech National Corpus. The syntactic and semantic criteria for the classification of dependent clauses into content and adjunct classes are studied together with the conditions for the application of relative or absolute tense. The great amount of data exploited from the Czech National Corpus support the idea that beside the expected forms of tense (relative in content clauses, absolute in adjunct clauses) there exists some shifting of the presupposed forms of verbal tenses. The explanation of these shifts is presented in this dissertation as a new contribution to the study of the interplay between Czech morphology and syntax. Key Words: subordinate content clause, relative tense, absolute tense, factual predicate, indirect speech
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
Free-ranging herbivores as a dispersal vector for species in abandoned landscape
Lepková, Barbora ; Vojta, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Karlík, Petr (referee)
Endozoochory is an important part of plant-animal relationship. In model area of the Doupov Mountains large herbivore mammals, such as red deer, sika deer and wild boar, act as effective seed dispersers. Out of 282 dung samples 29 719 seedlings of 91 species emerged. The most common species was Urtica dioica (80 % of all seedlings). The amount of seeds in dung as well as species composition were highly dependent on dispersing animal, both showed strong seasonality and differences between two studied localities. Frequency of species in dung did not correspond to their frequency in vegetation suggesting strong preferences of herbivores as predators. However more research is needed to test this hypothesis. Given very high time demands for samples processing beforehand the emergence experiment, the influence of concentration by washing through on seedling emergence and species composition was tested. According to preliminary results more seedlings and species emerge from concentrated samples. However, concentration has no effect on emergence of U. dioica as the most common species. Concentration of samples by running water is recommended for faster emergence in greenhouse conditions. Preliminary results also suggest that the approximation of number of seedlings/species on weight of dry mass is not...
|
|
|
Vegetation succession on fallows in Podyjí National Park - small-area management of abandoned sites
Entová, Martina ; Fabšičová, Martina (advisor) ; Karlík, Petr (referee)
The main aim of the thesis was to describe the succession of several abandoned fields under ploughing and discuss ploughing as a possible management for establishing and maintaining species-rich communities of fallows. Actual vegetation, its development over time and soil seed bank were studied. Experimental small-area ploughing was established at five abandoned fields in the southeastern part of the Podyjí National Park. Three strips with different types of management were founded: A) strip ploughed each year, B) strip ploughed once at the beginning of the experiment, C) control meadow without intervention. Vegetation development was evaluated through a series of relèves recorded during the years 2009-2012. The species composition of the seed bank was described using the seedling-emergence method and subsequent elutriation of soil samples. Similarity indexes, Longevity index (LI) and concept of RCS strategies were used. The vegetation of each-year plowed sites (A) consisted mostly of annual weeds and ruderal species with R-strategy and high LI. Grassland vegetation (C) consisted mostly of grasses and perennial herbs with C-strategy and lower LI. The vegetation of older fallows (B) was at first most similar to one-year fallow (A), but during the 4 years of succession has moved closer to the meadow...
|
|
|
Semantic representation of ellipsis
Mikulová, Marie ; Panevová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Karlík, Petr (referee) ; Štěpánek, Jan (referee)
This dissertation answers the question what is and what is not ellipsis and specifies criteria for identification of elliptical sentences. It reports on an analysis of types of ellipsis from the point of view of semantic (semantico-syntactic) representation of sentences. It does not deal with conditions and causes of the constitution of elliptical positions in sentences (when and why is it possible to omit something in a sentence) but it focuses exclusively on the identification of elliptical positions (if there is something omitted and what) and on their semantic representation, specifically on their representation on the tectogrammatical level of the Prague Dependency Treebanks. In this dissertation, the dependency approach (used in the Prague Dependency Treebanks) is also compared with the generative approach (used in the Penn Treebank). It is possible to utilize this comparison in the (automatic) conversion from constituency trees to dependency trees.
|
|
|
LORD IS A KING. Old Testament metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics: Cognitive-linguistic and translatological interpretation.
Procházková, Ivana ; Prudký, Martin (advisor) ; Sláma, Petr (referee) ; Karlík, Petr (referee)
This disertation uses methods of culturally-oriented and cognitive linguistics to describe the meaning of the Old Testament metaphor "God-King". The disertation follows up on the work of G. Lakoff, J. Johnson, M. Turner, G. Fauconnier, as well as the work of Czech cognitive linguistics (in particular, I. Vaňková). The author applies the theory of conceptual metaphor, the theory of mental spaces, the theory of conceptual integration, and some theories of cognitive semantics (for example, the theory of stereotype/prototype), to Old Testament texts. The author describes the meaning of the metaphors God, the shepherd, God, the warior, God, the lion, and God, the eagle in the Psalms as being partial expositions of the King metaphor. The metaphorical meaning is described by means of generic narrative structures abbreviated by the letters GPS in Czech) These are abstract narrative structures, which the author has isolated in the texts. They are source domains (shepherding, war, lion and eagle), and they repeatedly participate in the structuralization or metaphorical formulations. The methods of culturally-oriented and cognitive linguistics are also used to analyze and interpret Psalm 44, Psalm 76 and Lamentations 3:1-24. In the last section of the disertation, functionally conceived translations follow up...
|
|
|
Lexical-semantic Conversions in the Valency Lexicon
Kettnerová, Václava ; Lopatková, Markéta (advisor) ; Panevová, Jarmila (referee) ; Karlík, Petr (referee)
In this thesis, we provide an adequate lexicographic representation of lexical-semantic conversion. Under the term lexical-semantic conversion, the relation between semantically similar syntactic structures which are based on separate lexical units of the same verb lexeme is understood. These relations are associated with various changes in valency structure of verbs - they may involve a number of valency complementations, their type, obligatoriness as well as morphemic forms. These changes arise from differences in the mapping of situational participants onto valency complementations. On the basis of semantic and syntactic analysis of two types of Czech lexical- semantic conversions, the locative conversion and the conversion Bearer of action-Location, we propose to represent lexical units creating syntactic variants in the relation of lexical semantic conversion by separate valency frames stored in the data component of the lexicon. The special attribute -conv whose value is a type of lexical-semantic conversion is assigned to relevant valency frames. Then the rule component of the lexicon consists of general rules determining changes in the correspondence between situational participants and valency complementations. This proposal is primarily designed for the valency lexicon of Czech verbs, VALLEX....
|
|
|
The importance of castle ruins for diversity and species composition of vegetation in the landscape
Javorský, Tomáš ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Karlík, Petr (referee)
1.Abstract How can people affect vegetation composition of a particular locality even long time after leaving the place? It can differ a lot, according to many factors, that take part in this process. Different cultures had different effects on the nature, unequal times have passed since their era. So what is the influence of a medieval European? What is the heritage, which our ancestors have left in the form of today's vegetation composition? These questions are worth to be answered. And talking about the Middle Ages, we aren't going to mention towns, farms, fields or pastures, but the most typical feature - medieval castles. To be accurate - those ones, that were left to their destiny and the nature - about castle ruins. They have always attracted attention of people, who are interested in history. But those localities shouldn't be omitted by biologists, especially botanists. Comparing vegetation as castle ruins' to the vegetation in the surrounding could reveal the influence of medieval people on plants. But it shouldn't be understood only as the impact of a long dead society to the country. Without looking back, connecting past with present and explaining the human influence on vegetation, it would be very difficult to predict present influence on the future nature. Experiments of the nature have been...
|
|
|
Vegetation changes in transition bogs at fishpond epilitorals
Spilka, Josef ; Karlík, Petr (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
This study concerns in a three peatland sites: the epilitorals of Pilská reservoir and Hořejší Padrťský fishpond in Příbram region and Kamenný fishpond in Pilsen. These peat-bobg were affected by negative conseqences of human activities. The aim of this study is to find out what kind these changes was and what extent they were. The changes in vegetation were observed from two points of view. The GIS analyses of aerial photographs represent the macroscale view. Repeating of old phytosociological relevées was the microscale view. To understand the cause of vegetation changes, the species-environment analyses were used. Four transects were made for this purpose and a water table level, pH and conductivity were mesured monthly along these transects. One-shot measurements of N and P water concentration and a peat depth were also carried out. Measured data from transects were uses in multivariate vegetation analyses and also in one- way analysis, aimed to an expansion plant species. All three sites of concern came through strong changes in past. In all of them the area of biotops of great conservation importance decreased and some endangered plant species have been lost there. The changes in Pilská reservoir epilitoral were mostly anthropogenic, whereas the mires of Hořejší Padrťský fishpond and Kamenný...
|
guest ::
RSS feed.