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Noncanonical functions of IL-1α
Novák, Josef ; Pospíšek, Martin (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee) ; Brdička, Tomáš (referee)
1α (IL 1α) is a multifunctional cytokine 1α is 1α independent on the receptor sig 1α is responsible for 1α to the plasma membrane. 1α activates express κB, binds to 1α 1α 1α to the plasma membrane 1α to signal 1α is required for membrane 1α exter 1α anchoring 1α 1α 1α with tumor suppressor p53 following genotoxic stress is further described in human cell 1α coloca
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Comparison of manual laser and TIG welding
Černý, Jan ; Sigmund, Marian (referee) ; Kubíček, Jaroslav (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of TIG welding methods (141) and unconventional methods of manual laser welding (51) of thin sheets of stainless steel X5CrNi 18-10. The goal of the thesis is to determine the difference in quality between the selected methods on the welds made and to develop a technical and economic evaluation. At the beginning of the diploma thesis, a literary study is analyzed with a focus on the principle of individual welding methods, possible defects arising during welding and the weldability of individual types of stainless steels. In the experimental part, the design of the experiment is discussed, which consisted in welding samples of selected weld joints using individual technologies. The welds were then evaluated using non-destructive and destructive tests. Finally, the economic evaluation of both technologies and the return of the equipment were also calculated.
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Creation of a large-scale thematic map in the locality of Moravské Málkovice
Černý, Jan ; Šváb,, Tomáš (referee) ; Kalvoda, Petr (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with creating thematic map of northern edge of village Moravské Málkovice. Theoretical part contains map definition, division and basic characteristics of thematic map. Furthermore, measurement methods used in field work are briefly explained here. In the practical part, the procedure of creating a thematic map is described in detail, starting with preparatory work and the choice of measurement tools, through data collection in the field, and ending with the final processing. The main output of the work is a thematic map in a scale of 1:500, made with a third-class precision.
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The role of the interaction of LCK with CD4/CD8 coreceptors
Cesneková, Michaela ; Štěpánek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
LCK kinase is an essential regulator of T-cell signalling that interacts with CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, which are crucial for T-cell development and T-cell lineage commitment. Their role, as well as the role of their interaction with LCK in the peripheral T cells, remains disputable, despite being studied for decades. This thesis aims to investigate the importance of LCK-coreceptor interaction in CD8+ T cell signalling and development and to determine the significance of the serine residues in LCK-mediated CD4 endocytosis. We used LCK variants bearing mutations of the coreceptor binding site or its catalytic domain in both mice and cell lines to solve this perplexity. First, the enzymatic activity of LCK variants was evaluated in this thesis. Second, we demonstrate that the function of CD8 is both, LCK-CD8 interaction dependent and independent. Then we examined the late stage of CD8+ T cell development, showing that the absence of the interaction has very mild consequences. It affects only the response of post- selection CD8 single-positive, but not double-positive, thymocytes to sub-optimal antigenic stimulation. Finally, we observed that CD4 with the mutation of all three intracellular serines to alanines shows similar LCK-dependency as wild type CD4. Overall, this study sheds light on the...
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Prevention of cellular aging in vitro
Kubovčák, Matej ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Ryšánek, David (referee)
This bachelor thesis explores foundational components of the aging process and their importance in cell culture systems. Signaling pathways controlling these processes are discussed, and several attractive targets were identified to be potentially developed as interventions. Aging is described within the evolutionary paradigm to provide a global framework for understanding the various aging processes and their explanation. Several models in nature were found to provide evidence that aging interventions can be successful and could therefore serve as a source of inspiration. Immunological context is provided to underline its importance in vivo, and the immune system-specific longevity mechanisms are elucidated for potential exploitation. Loss of cellular identity is identified as an essential detrimental factor in cell culture and is connected to the foundational aging mechanisms. This thesis can serve as a stepping stone for conducting research on better cultivation methodologies, thereby opening doors to technologies such as cultivated meat and bioartificial organs requiring unprecedented cell expansion. Keywords aging, aging reversal, cellular identity, in vitro cultures, stemness
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The impact of maternal-fetal microchimerism on the development of the offspring's immune system
Malinská, Nikola ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
Maternal-fetal microchimerism is a phenomenon in which maternal cells migrate to the offspring's tissue during both pregnancy and breastfeeding. These cells are mainly leukocytes and stem cells. These maternal cells have functional potential in the offspring and influence, among other things, the development of their immune system. The main cell population detectable in various tissues of the offspring are T lymphocytes. These maternal T lymphocytes not only have effector function, but also influence the development of the offspring's T lymphocytes in the thymus or maturation of offspring's B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. Migration of maternal leukocyte also leads to transfer of immune memory through generations. Maternal microchimerism is also capable of balancing immunodeficiencies of the offspring. Maternal cells expressing IL-2 were detected in mice deficient in IL-2 and maternal IgG secreting plasma cells were found in offsprings deficient in B cell. This work is focused on the influence of maternal cells transported within maternal microchimerism on the development of the offspring's immune system as well as the effector functions of maternal cells migrating through the placenta and breast milk to the offspring.
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Microplastics and their effects on the metabolism of animal cells
Fiedlerová, Gabriela ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
Microplastics are tiny particles smaller than 5 mm in size found in various environments, including seas, rivers and soil. These particles can be intentionally produced as part of cosmetic products or formed by the breakdown of larger plastic objects. Microplastics represent a serious threat to the environment and animals and could eventually reach humans through the food chain. This thesis deals with a critical and synthetic overview of the literature related to the influence of microplastics on the metabolism of animal cells. The thesis also considers the experimental conditions under which the data were obtained. In particular, factors such as the tested microplastics' shape, size and ageing are critically evaluated as these aspects are often neglected in the literature. Current knowledge shows that microplastics accumulate in the bodies of animals and cause physical and metabolic damage, inflammation, disruption of energy metabolism, protein metabolism and amino acid and lipid metabolism. The most serious effects of microplastics can be considered to be the formation of oxygen radicals, neurotoxicity, disruption of gametogenesis and offspring development.
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Vliv personality proaktivní vs reaktivní u okouna říčního na náchylnost k infekci Aeromonas sp.
ČERNÝ, Jan
The existence of intra-specific differences in the life strategies of animals is described by the so-called proactive and reactive personality, where proactive individuals are characterized by a higher willingness to take risks and explore new environments compared to reactive individuals who choose a passive and inactive approach to new challenges in the environment. This concept is often defined in fish as the shy-bold continuum, with the bold individual (BI) exhibiting proactive behaviour and the shy individual (SI) typically exhibiting a reactive approach. Several studies have already been written confirming the influence of personality on fish performance traits, such as growth in three spined-sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) or stress tolerance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) or rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykkis). The aim of our experiment was to describe the existence of a link between personality and immunological resistance to Aeromonas sp. infection and stress tolerance in European perch. In our experiment, 1000 European perch were subjected to two behavioral tests for personality (open field, number of cm swum in 30 min; novel object, exploring zones of proximity to an unknown object). The top 20 BI fish (highest values in both tests) and the top 20 SI fish (zero values in both tests) were selected. Representatives of both behavioral groups BI and SI were then subjected to an induction stress challenge (lowering the tank level to 5 cm above the dorsal fin) and then metabolic activity values (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, glucose, osmolytes, and cortisol) were measured, with the only significant difference shown by cortisol concentration (2.5-fold higher in SI compared to BI 30 min after stimulation and 5-fold higher in SI compared to BI in control). In immunological resistance testing, phagocytic capacity (natural immunity) was assessed first, and no significant differences were observed between SI and BI groups. Next, head kidney and peritoneal cells from representatives of the BI and SI groups were stimulated in vivo with A. salmonicida infection and then RNA was extracted to analyze gene expression of 46 immune genes 1, 3 and 7 days after stimulation to assess the adaptive immune system response. A 1.2-1.3-fold increase in the level of the ighm gene was observed in the head kidney of BI versus SI 1 day after stimulation, while the level of the identical gene showed a 2.2-fold increase in BI versus SI peritoneal cells. Furthermore, an increase in gene levels was observed in BI compared with SI for cc125 (1.2-fold in the head kidney) and Cd74 (1.3-1.5-fold in both peritoneum and head kidney). The results of this work suggest that personality has a significant effect on stress tolerance, does not affect natural immunity, but does affect the level of the adaptive immune system in European perch, with BI individuals appearing to be more resistant to both stress and infection by Aeromonas hydrophila.
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Tolerogenic dendritic cells in immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes
Grohová, Anna ; Špíšek, Radek (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee) ; Hrdý, Jiří (referee)
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia leading to life-threatening complication. The pathogenetic mechanism of T1D is the abnormal immune reaction destroying β-cell mass in pancreas. The current therapy is based on the administration of subcutaneous insulin. However, this therapy can not prevent the episodes of transient hyperglycaemia. Thus, the high blood glucose influences negatively cellular metabolism and progressively leads to tissue damage. The cellular therapy brings the new strategy allowing the direct modulation of the abnormal autoimmune reaction. This strategy promises more targeting therapy with less adverse effects. In this thesis we discuss two types of immune-suppressive cells which are candidates for cellular therapy in autoimmune diseases. The first part describes the tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC) and their stable suppressive phenotype in proinflammatory condition. tDC maintain their stable inhibitory phenotype and are able to suppress antigen- specific T-cell proliferation together with the induction of T-regulatory cells. These properties of tDC are very important for potential clinical application. The thesis also reveals the relation between laboratory parameters of T1D patients and suppressive properties of tDC. The second part of the thesis is focused...
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Genetic analysis of susceptibility of mice to Leishmania major infection
Čepičková, Marie ; Černý, Jan (referee)
The protozoa of the genus Leishmania cause a complex of diseases called leishmaniases. The disease can be asymptomatic or manifest with a wide range of symptoms, including severe systemic disease that can be fatal. Susceptibility of the host to infection is controlled by many genes, but the mechanism of regulation remains unknown. Host sex also influences the course of infection. The disadvantages of genetic analyses performed in humans can be overcome by using a mouse model. To study the genes that influence susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in mice, a special model consisting of 20 recombinant CcS/Dem congenic strains was developed. These strains were generated by crossing BALB/cHeA (susceptible to infection) and STS/A (resistant to infection) strains. Each strain in the CcS/Dem series represents a unique combination of 12.5 % of the genome of the STS/A strain and 87.5% of the genome of the BALB/cHeA strain. F2 hybrids between the BALB/c and CcS-9 strains were used in the present work. The mice were infected with L. major and after eight weeks the infection parameters were evaluated: size of skin lesions, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, amount of parasites in the spleen and lymph nodes, degree of eosinophil infiltration in the lymph nodes, and serum levels of IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12,...
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