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Morfogeneze orálního skeletu mihule ve vztahu k evoluci čelistí
Romášek, Marek ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Jandzík, Dávid (referee)
4 Neural crest-derived cellular cartilage is one of the defining characteristics of vertebrates. Elaboration of this tissue and its patterning allowed the evolution of jaws in the gnathostome lineage. Together these hallmarks helped jawed vertebrates become one of the dominant taxons in the animal kingdom. Lampreys, as basal jawless vertebrates, lie at a unique phylogenetic position that makes them ideal organisms for the study of evolution of vertebrate/gnathostome novelties. Larval lampreys possess a special oral skeleton composed of a tissue related to cartilage, termed mucocartilage. Despite considerable attention that has been paid to the evolutionary significance of mucocartilage, it is not yet clear, how this unique feature arises in development and to what extent it is homologous to gnathostome jaws. In this study, the development of oro-pharyngeal region was analyzed in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. SEM imaging revealed shaping and topographic relationships of embryonic tissues, detailed plastic histology coupled with expression analyses of several molecular markers were used to describe origin, histogenesis and morphogenesis of mucocartilage. Furthermore, genetic regulation of the tissue was investigated in order to identify its unique or shared features. Mucocartilage is seen to...
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Ontogeny of trilobites
Laibl, Lukáš ; Fatka, Oldřich (advisor) ; Budil, Petr (referee)
The thesis summarizes the current state of knowledge about the ontogeny of trilobites. The introductory chapters describe the basic morphology and anatomy of trilobites, and also mention their ecology, occurrence and feeding habits. In the main part of my thesis, I first summarized the existing research in this area, and also dealt in detail with methods of preservation of trilobite larvae, their reproduction, growth, embryology, postembryonal development, segmentation and ecology. I also mentioned the possible usage of this knowledge in other fields (stratigraphy, biogeography, etc.). The last section is a contemporary view on the systematics of trilobites and their position within the Arthropoda.
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Circadian clock during ontogenesis
Olejníková, Lucie ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Circadian system enables adaptation of organisms to periodic changes in environment on the Earth. In mammals, it consists of central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and of oscillators that reside in other brain areas as well as in the peripheral organs and tissues. Ontogenetic development of the circadian system is a gradual process and the most dramatic changes undergo during the late embryonic and early postnatal stage. For its proper function, not only the morphological development of its individual parts, but also development of their entrainment to external environment and among each other, is important. The oscillations in clock gene expressions in the SCN occur already before birth, but in view of the fact that the levels of their protein products are undetectable, at this developmental stage, the ability of SCN to generate these oscillations in vivo has been discussed. After birth, the levels of these proteins rise and the rhythms in clock genes expression achieve the adult-like level at the postnatal age, when the synaptogenesis in the SCN is completed. The presence of a functional maternal circadian system is not necessary for the endogenous development of the SCN clock in pups, because the maternal SCN only entrains the clock and the circadian oscillations thus...
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Intraindividual comparison of selected indicators of coordinating steps on the skating step and on the in-line step
Hospůdka, Jakub ; Kračmar, Bronislav (advisor) ; Süss, Vladimír (referee)
4 Summary: Title: Intraindividual comparison of selected indicators of coordinating steps on the ice skating and in-line. Objective: Assessment of coordination relationship rate of the skating forward during ice hockey and inline skating. Methods: Surface electromyography combinated with kinematography analysis used synchronized video recording. Results: Kinesiological content of movement during ice skating and inline skating is not the same. The general stereotype of the skating step is significantly different from the walking stereotype. Key words: human locomotion, sport locomotion, phylogeny, ontogeny, surface electromyography, ice hockey skating, inline skating.
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The mitochondrial genome in the ontogenesis
Töröková, Petra ; Brdička, Radim (advisor) ; Černý, Viktor (referee)
The main goal of this study is the comparison of sequences of the HVRII region of the mitochondrial genome in the cord blood sample and the saliva sample of the same individual, taken at average ten years from his/her birth. It is known that during ontogenesis the human genome changes. All the more the mitochondrial genome which shows a higher mutation rate, and moreover it is not taken care of it by repair mechanisms. In older individuals, there was found a distinctive amount of mitochondrial variations cumulated in different tissues in the process of the ontogenesis. This study is focused on the detection of these changes already in younger individuals. The tissue-specific variability which is created during ontogenesis might have an adverse influence on all sorts of the mtDNA based studies. The samples were taken in two regions (Teplice / Prachatice) that differ in the pollution of environment. With regard to that, the samples with discovered changes were compared from the standpoint of the region, which they had come from, with the aim to prove the influence of environment on the mutagenesis of the mitochondrial DNA. Samples were also compared from the point of view of sex. Furthermore the variability of the collection of Czech population was evaluated and the estimation of the genetic...
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Evaluation of ontogenetic development of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods
Kiebelová, Alena ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
During ontogeny there are a lot of changes in the entire human skeleton. This thesis deals with shape changes in the mandible, which are caused by genetic, hormonal, as well as mechanical factors. The most important mechanical factors influencing the shape of mandible are development of deciduous and permanent dentition and also development of masticatory muscles. 34 children mandibles of known age and 14 adult mandibles were analysed and compared for this thesis. Data were obtained by scanning coordinates of 36 landmarks using Microscribe G2X, and then were processed by software PAST and Morphologika2 using multivariate statistics (PCA, MANOVA). Geometric morphometrics is used for a detailed analysis of shape changes of the mandible. There is no difference between dental and chronological age. In conclusion, lower jaw narrows during growth, the body extends more in the region of third molars and the ramus grows mainly in the region of condylar process. Chin prominence also occurs during ontogeny. In the group of adult mandibles the variability is caused by coronoid process height and the body width. The hypothesis, that age groups are significantly different from each other, and therefore due to tooth mineralization there are marked shape changes, is confirmed.
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The ontogeny of vocalisation in gibbons Nomascus
Hradec, Michal ; Bartoš, Luděk (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
Knowledge of the ontogeny and development of vocalization in primates play a crucial role in understanding the evolution of the human language. Unlike the great apes, gibbons produce a remarkable vocal performance, which includes complex species- and sex-specific patterns. Many studies in the past focused on research of the acoustic pattern in adult individuals. Yet, it remains unclear how the males develop their sex-specific pattern of vocalization.
This dissertation focuses on two specific periods in the ontogenetic development of acoustic structures in male Northern-white cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) and Southern-yellow cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae). The results showed that the first time immature males (juvenile and adolescent) produced female acoustically structured great calls in duets with their mothers. How the great call was structured in immature males differed from the great call of their mothers; the difference being in spectro-temporal parameters from. The most significant difference between juvenile and adolescent males in the production of female vocalization was the presence of a twitter vocalization towards the end of their call. The results show that the twitter was a regular part of female vocalization in juvenile males around four years of age, while younger males produced this vocalization exceptionally. The second period in the ontogeny of vocalization in immature males (adolescent) was characterized by the fact that after five years of age, the development of the male acoustic structure begins. During this period, we did not observe the production of the female vocalization great call in any of the monitored Nomascus gibbon individuals. Results show that the ontogenetic process of the male song in Northern-white cheeked gibbons (N. leucogenys) did not develop in the same sequence as in adults which produced different notes and phrases. The immature male (adolescent male) first time developed the multi-modulation phrase (coda) and the staccato note (syllables) simultaneously at the beginning of this study, but, it was observed that they started producing the boom note four months later. Conversely, the development of the acoustic structure in male Southern-yellow cheeked gibbons (N. gabriellae) was characterized only by the development of a multi-modulation phrase. Development of the staccato syllables was not noted in this species during the study. The results support the interpretation that the development of the male acoustic structure closely corresponds to the growth of the vocal tract and physiological changes associated with reaching sexual maturity.
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The effect of the ontogeny on the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration in selected genotypes poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)
Vorobkalo, Nikita ; Hniličková, Helena (advisor) ; Cihlář, Pavel (referee)
The objective of this thesis is an influence of ontogenesis on the speed of photosynthesis and transpiration among chosen genotypes of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Photosynthesis is an important process from the point of view of the biomass production and the production of harvest. This is one of the most important processes on the Earth, which contributes to existence of all heterotrophs. Transpiration is a process, which has place in a plant, provides movement of water with mineral elements from the roots, through all parts of a plant and waters evaporation from aerial parts.
The first chapter is devoted to general characterization of opium poppy, its origin, environment claims, and general characterization of photosynthesis and transpiration. The second chapter includes results of measurements and their explanation.
Within this Bachelor Thesis three sorts of opium poppy, with different content of alkaloids, were observed: Buddha, HU; Tatranský, SK; Akvarel (CM 112), CZ. Small-plot experiments were based on a research station Červený Újezd in a year 2015. The measurement of speed of photosynthesis and transpiration was provided with gasometrical method by the device LCpro+.
It has been established, that during the ontogenesis has reached to acceleration of photosynthesis. The speed of transpiration doesnt depend on a process of plants development, but depends on a water regime and the weather.
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Regarding the matters of the ontogenesis of speech
ADAMOVÁ, Kateřina
This thesis focuses on general questions of speech ontogeny, it presents an overview of the ontogeny as a sub-discipline and describes the development of speech and language of an individual. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical part and research. The theoretical part provides a general description of speech ontogeny and related sciences. It also includes the outline of stages of speech and language development. The thesis deals with biological factors, social environment and family environment important for speech and language development. It also deals with vocabulary related with speech and language development. The research part describes the relationship between reading and the extent of vocabulary, focusing on pupils of secondary schools, aged 12-14.
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