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Promoting protection of cultural values in protection of woody plants
Dienstbier, Filip ; Pouperová, Olga ; Vícha, Ondřej
A diagnostic feature of objects of garden and landscape architecture, that are recognised as cultural monuments, are growing elements, of them indisputably the most important category are the elements of woody vegetation - trees and shrubs. These, however, are besides the cultural preservations subject to nature and landscape protection, as they have biological and aesthetic values, as well as ecological values. For this reason they are subject inter alia to protection provided by nature protection bodies according to the Act on nature and landscape protection. Interests on protection of woody plants from the prospective of cultural preservation on one hand and the prospective of nature and landscape protection on the other, may depending on the specific circumstances supplement each other or may be indifferent, but they may also differ and collide with each other. These methods are a new instrument for effective promotion of interests on cultural preservation in decision-making on the protection of woody plants outside forests. The methods provide with a comprehensive set of recommendations, both substantive and procedural, how bodies of cultural protection and owners of cultural monuments or other entities concerned should proceed when dealing with trees growing outside forests. The recommendations are defined for basic model situations.
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The Theory of Self-Domestication in German Anthropology and Biology till 1945.
Stella, Marco ; Komárek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Sklenička, Petr (referee)
Concerned with the theory of self-domestication, claiming that humans have morphological, anatomical, physiological, behavioural or psychological traits typical for domestic animals, this master's thesis attempts to describe how anthropological and biological stories speaks to people and how people are shaped by them. Has given rise to eugenics and racial hygiene, the idea implicit to this theory that the practice of animals domestication and cultivation can be applied to humans, is still relevant when speaking of genetic engineering.
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Studium diversity a rozšíření virů entomopatogenní houby \nl{}\kur{Beauveria bassiana} v České republice
VANĚČEK, Petr
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect and replicate in fungal cells, but unlike most known viruses of plants and animals, they exceptionally produce deleterious effects on their host. Nonetheless, the last discoveries showed that some mycoviruses can decrease the virulence of their phytopathogenic fungal hosts, making them very attractive for their possible use as biological control agents. Most mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes and are widespread in all major taxa of fungi. Beauveria bassiana is one of the most studied species of entomopathogenic fungi; it has a cosmopolitan distribution and is used as biocontroller against invertebrates in agriculture. In the present work, a collection of 137 isolates of B. bassiana obtained at different locations and from different habitats in the Czech Republic was analysed. These isolates were analysed for the presence of dsRNA elements indicative of viral infections. The results revealed a high prevalence of viral infections in Czech B. bassiana isolates, with 22.6% of the isolates containing dsRNA elements with viral characteristics. Obtained dsRNA electropherotypes showed that virus diversity in infected isolates was high and that mixed virus infections occurred among them. Based on the characteristics of the electrophoretic band patterns, it could be hypothesized that B. bassiana isolates collected in the Czech Republic could harbour members of the viral families Totiviridae, Partitiviridae, Chrysoviridae and Hypoviridae.
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The Influence of Pesticides on the Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
NERMUŤ, Jiří
It is known that entomopathogenic nematodes rarely live in fields where pesticides and fertilizers are used. Because they are organisms with a high potential for biological and integrated pest control the thesis tried to determine the influence of pesticides on the infectivity and mortality of selected nematodes: Steinernema feltiae, S. arenarium and S. kraussei in water solution of some pesticides. The results are that preparations Vydate (a. i. oxamyl) and Sulka (a. i. sulphur) have the highest negative influence on both characteristics. These pesticides cause a mortality of 94.3 - 99.9 % and reduce infectivity by about 50 {--} 75 % (level 3). The following preparations may be identified as having higher potential for infectivity reduction: above all, Starane 250 EC (fluroxypyr), Sumithion super (fenithrothion), and Novozir MN 80 (mancozeb); on the other hand, Treflan 48 EC (trifluralin) significantly increases mortality. Another important observation is a fact that infectivity is significantly influenced only by concentration of pesticides, not by exposure time. During an experiment with enhacement of resistance to oxamyl (Vydate) I falling mortality and increasing infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes were observed after five rounds.
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Practical courses and modification of selected tasks from Biology olympiad
Filipová, Jana ; Janštová, Vanda (advisor) ; Hrozinka, Šimon (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to summarize the integration of hands-on activities into biology lessons and to compare them with the requirements in the high-school curriculum. Further it inquires the influence of hands-on activities on the knowledge of students and their interest in the subject, and it summarizes previous findings about this topic. Sources available show that hands-on activities have a positive impact and are benefitial to students. This thesis also gives some examples of chemical tests suitable to be carried out in lessons. These tests can serve as proofs of carbohydrates, lipides and proteins in plants.
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Eating disorders focused on anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
Zinková, Alžběta ; Bláha, Pavel (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
The study deals with eating disorders. It tries to bring the most comprehensive overview of the two majority eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, respectively. Both diseases have a lot in common, but also some of its specifics which are pointed out in the study. The study is conceived to make the reader in the early chapters acquainted with the various eating disorders according to international diagnostic criteria. Then there is a brief history, epidemiology and etiology and pathogenesis of particular disorders. Other chapters are devoted to anorexia and bulimia. They deal with the predisposition to eating disorders and they include psychological and biological factors and also health risks that may occur during prolonged starvation and at compensatory behaviour in bulimic patients. The final chapter briefly describes the different types of treatment that in most cases are based on knowledge of psychology.
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Electron cryo-microscopy techniques in biological research and nanotechnologies
Mistríková, Veronika ; Bednár, Jan (advisor) ; Nebesářová, Jana (referee) ; Benada, Oldřich (referee)
Preparation of biological samples for transmission electron microscopy is not a trivial task. The samples must withstand a vacuum environment present inside a microscope, and it is often necessary to use non-physiological procedures for their processing. These procedures usually involve aldehyde-based fixation, replacing water with alcohol (i.e. dehydration/substitution), and embedding into a resin, which creates support for the subsequent preparation of thin sections that can be placed into the microscope. In the last decade, the method of cryo-fixation (vitrification) using ultra-fast high-pressure freezing followed by freeze substitution and low-temperature resin embedding gained a dominant position in the cell biology research. In this way, a range of biological samples with a thicknesses up to several hundreds of micrometers was successfully vitrified to a state that was closely related to their in vivo structures. The cryo-fixation of isolated biological objects (with a limited thickness up to several micrometers) is possible in a thin layer of vitrified water by plunge freezing at ambient pressure. In combination with electron cryo-microscopy, this method has become the most effective and fundamental principle for the high-resolution studies and image analysis of fully hydrated samples...
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Model Study of Ultrasound Effects on Fetal Development
Jaroš, Josef ; Halámek, Josef (referee) ; Hrazdíra,, Ivo (referee) ; Rozman, Jiří (advisor)
The progress in ultrasound techniques goes hand in hand with increasing of diagnostic machine acoustic outputs. Ultrasound biological effects can adversely influence the development of human fetus. Recent studies of thermal effect on biological tissues are usually based on simulation of simple ultrasound transducers. The aim of this work is to build a flexible model of diagnostic system to simulate temperature increase during fetal development. Different types of ultrasound probes were used for generation of acoustic field with simulated piezoelectric element properties. Optimized linear and phased arrays were modeled with dynamic beam steering and focus. Computer simulations were concentrated on extreme conditions in obstetric ultrasonography and 3D tissue model was compared with real ultrasound probes measurements. To detect temperature increase, the bone tissue phantom was used. Results point out potential risks for fetus with diagnostic ultrasound probes. Based on the results of this work, practical recommendations increasing safety of obstetric examinations were drawn.
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Analysis of Nonlinear Effects in Ultrasound Diagnostics
Čížek, Martin ; Hrazdíra,, Ivo (referee) ; Halámek, Josef (referee) ; Rozman, Jiří (advisor)
The model study of nonlinear effects in the ultrasound diagnostics is focused on developing and experimental verification of new computer algorithms for numerical modeling of the ultrasound field including nonlinear effects accompanying the ultrasound propagation in biological tissues. A theoretical analysis of nonlinearities in ultrasound propagation and their contribution to thermal and mechanical effects of diagnostic ultrasound applications was conducted. A numeric model of ultrasound propagating through a tissue model formed of a set of homogenous layers with defined physical parameters was developed in Matlab environment. The computation of ultrasound field spatial distribution is based on the angular spectrum method. For simulating of nonlinearities Burgers nonlinear wave equation is used. The resulting spatial distribution of the ultrasound field is described by the amplitudes of selected number of harmonic components of the acoustic pressure, by the mechanical index, by the harmonic distortion of the signal and by the spatial peak temporal average intensity of all considered components. The numerical model was experimentally verified using an unique ultrasound measurement system – the ultrasound measurement basin. The verified numeric model was used for assessing the veracity of mechanical index and tissue heating prediction during ultrasound applications in cases when the nonlinear effects are neglected in computations. The reliability of the mechanical index indicated by the diagnostic ultrasound instruments is also evaluated using the designed numeric model. The aim was to compare the indicated value usually obtained by derating the measurements in a water medium to the actual mechanical index present in the insonated tissue.
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The Field-test Results of Verification the Antihelmintic Efficiency of Ivermectin Among
Švecová, Milena ; Lamka, Jiří (advisor) ; Ducháček, Lubomír (referee)
/ ABSTRACT Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové School of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Mgr. Milena Švecová External counsellor: Prof. RNDr. Jiří Lamka, CSc. Consultant: Doc. MVDr. Karel Bukovjan, CSc. Name of the rigorous work: The field-test results of verification the antihelmintic efficiency of Ivermectin among species of fallow deers This rigourous work is concerned with the usage of the medicine with active substance Ivermectin, so called CERMIX. The usage of medicine was observed while feeding hoofed animals by a premixed form of CERMIX contained in the given feedstuff. From the categorizing into zoological system point of view, the target species and their biological characteristics are being described. The most important medicaments that are being used in hoofed animals breeding and the needed legislation for their usage can be found in synopsis. The core of particular work consists in the observation of Ivermectin efficiency. In other words, comparing the proportion of parasitic infestation among fallow deers at two deer- parks, namely: Volský žlab and Kněžičky. The infection intensity was observed before the Ivermectin usage and twenty-eight days after at these two deer-parks. The research done in years 2005-2010 results in the proved efficiency of...
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