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Pathophysiology of brain trauma.
Chovančík, Josef ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee)
Author: Josef Chovančík Title of diploma thesis: Trauma and pathophysiological of brain damage Form: Master Thesis Name of University: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Field: Pharmacy Background: Work in the first part describes the construction of the nervous and vascular system at key points which relate to the topic. Focuses on basic functional principles of both systems, which together are both anatomically and functionally linked. In its special section then discusses his own brain injury. Includes incidence, causes and mechanisms of its formation, classify its severity. Describes the pathophysiological processes in the brain injury that are the focus of today's scientific research. Findings and conclusion: Based on the work of our search, we concluded that the pathophysiological picture of cerebral tissue damage involves many, mutually interlocking mechanisms. We found that the toxic effect of excitatory amino acids leads to a massive increase in intracellular calcium concentration. The resulting stepped-pathological activation of many enzymes and inhibition of mitochondrial function. Damage to nerve cells is also caused by free radicals that cause damage to cell membranes, proteins and molecular genetic...
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Analysis of short Argonaute isoforms from mouse oocytes
Jankele, Radek ; Svoboda, Petr (advisor) ; Petr, Jaroslav (referee)
AnalysisofshortArgonauteisoformsfrommouseoocytes Abstract: Argonaute proteins carrying small RNAs form the conserved core of RNA silencing mechanisms, which repress viruses, mobile genetic elements, and genes in a sequence specific manner. The microRNA (miRNA) pathway is a dominant mammalian RNA silencing mechanism in somatic cells, which post-transcriptionally regulates large fraction of genes and thereby adjusts protein levels. miRNA-guided Argonautes inhibit translation and induce deadenylation of complementary mRNAs, ultimately resulting in their decay. In contrast to RNA interference (RNAi), which employs Argonaute slicer activity to directly cleave perfectly complementary RNAs, an effective miRNA-mediated mRNA repression requires multiple Argonaute-associated protein factors and enzymes. The miRNA pathway has been implicated in many complex biological processes ranging from organogenesis, stress-response to haematopoiesis or cancer. Surprisingly, canonical miRNAs are not essential for oocytes and early embryonic development in mice. Even the most abundant miRNAs present in mouse oocytes are unable to effectively repress target genes. However, RNAi, which shares key enzymes with the miRNA pathway, is highly active in oocytes and early embryos. The cause of miRNA inactivity in mouse oocytes remains...
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The Behaviour of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) with a Concentration on Infant-handling in a Zoo
Hradilová, Eva ; Marván, Richard (advisor) ; Vančata, Václav (referee)
This study (1) detailly describes and analyses selected affiliative behaviours in a captive group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) and compares all findings with results of other studies in free- ranging and captive primate groups; (2) tries to deepen our knowledge about distribution of the affiliative behaviours in terms of the biological markets theory (N06 and Hammerstein 1995) with emphasis on possible effects of dominance-submisive relations, status of females (mothers vs. non- mothers) as well as age of dependent infants and thus examines its functionality in our study group; (3) tests which hypotheses about distribution of affiliative behaviours in nonhuman primates (see Seyfarth 1977, 1980, de Waal and Luttrell 1986, Manson 1998, Bentley-Condit et al. 2001, Henzi and Barrett 2002, Kleindorfer, Wasser 2004) fit best to situation in the study group. Subjects were 12 Japanese monkeys at Olomouc Zoo (Czech Republic): 8 adult females (all > 5 years of age; 4 mothers and 4 non- mothers) and 4 dependent infants ( 0 - 4 months of age; 1 female and 3 males). In summer 2006, a total of 138 observation hours of behavioural data were gathered on 23 days. A combination of focal-animal sampling, all occurences sampling, instantaneous scan sampling and ad libitum sampling (Altman 1974) was used to score adult...
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Dysfunction of Endothelium in Relationship to Experimentally Induced
Černý, Dalibor ; Nachtigal, Petr (advisor) ; Štaud, František (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Rigorous Thesis - Abstract Name: Mgr. Dalibor Černý Year: 2007 Dysfunction of Endothelium in Relationship to Experimentally Induced Anthracycline Drugs' Toxicity Endothelial dysfunction is defined as functional lesion of endothelium, characterized by increased permeability of vessel wall, by imbalance among vasoactive, coagulative and proliferation influencing active substances, in result leading to increased expression of cell adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which are considered as standard morphological markers of its progress. Adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 play an important role in building-up of inflammatory reaction and take part in various pathological stages. They are expressed by endothelial cells, by scavenger cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. The aim of this rigorous thesis was to examine whether long-lasting daunorubicin administration leads except of significant changes in heart also to the progress of endothelial dysfunction. Imunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of these adhesion molecules. Then, the selected heart parameters like LVEF (left ventriculum eject fraction), FS (fractional shortening) and dP/dtmax index, that means peak...
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Atorvastatin and its effect on the atherogenic process in genetically / / modified mouse model of atherosclerosis I
Kozáková, Hedvika ; Nachtigal, Petr (advisor) ; Semecký, Vladimír (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF PHARMACY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Rigorous Thesis - Abstract Mgr. Hedvika Kozáková 2007 Atorvastatin and its effects on atherogenic process in the genetically modified mouse model of atherosclerosis I Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) represents golden standard in dyslipidemia treatment in humans. However, its effects in animal models of atherosclerosis are very inconsistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether statins has hypolipidemic and inflammatory effects in apoE/LDLR deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. The aim of this rigorous thesis was to verify whether atorvastatin posses similar effects in apoE/LDL receptor double knockout mice that are common in human medicine. Female ApoE/LDL receptor-double-knockout mice at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group of animals (n=8) was fed with the atherogenic (western type) diet for another 8 weeks. The same atherogenic diet and treatment period was used in other two groups where atorvastatin was added to the diet at the dosage of 100 mg/kg per day. Biochemical analysis of blood cholesterol fractions, ELISA analysis of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels in...
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Occupational disease in Czech Republic in the year 2005
Pospíšil, Ondřej ; Hrnčíř, Evžen (advisor)
According to the great medical dictionary , the definition of occupational diseases : A legal term denoting diseases mentioned in the list of occupational diseases that arise adverse effects chemical, physical , biological or other harmful effects , acute poisoning , if formed under the conditions specified in the list. They are listed in Government Regulation No. 290/1995 Coll . Occupational diseases not only this brief definition , but it is very interesting and socially important branch of medicine , which is very extensive and far-reaching significance for company . Especially for manufacturing , mining and healthcare where the disease Occupational most. Occupational diseases as part of the field of occupational medicine had enormous impact on improving the quality of life of workers and the workplace and beyond. A generally the environment around us. This is a field with a rich history spanning several , which is currently unjustly neglected in comparison with other clinical disciplines in particular . Occupational medicine have mainly aims at preventing a potential indemnification and legal implications the employer and the employees themselves. Emergence of occupational medicine as a specialized medical field is placed in the year 1700, when Bernardo Ramazzini issued Pavia in the Italian treatise on...
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Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction by the ERK signaling cascade.
Bráborec, Vojtěch ; Rösel, Daniel (referee) ; Vomastek, Tomáš (advisor)
The MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade represents an evolutionary conserved mechanism by which cells sense extracellular signals and convert them into variety of context-dependent responses. The best studied member of the MAPK protein family is protein kinase ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). Together with protein kinases Raf and MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) comprise a prototypical signaling pathway which regulates broad-spectrum of biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, cellular migration, adhesion or apoptosis. To modulate such a multitude of distinct responses by a single pathway, cells utilize mechanisms such as signal strength and duration, distinct protein localization, communication with other signaling pathways, differential substrate selection and the selection of interactive partners. All presented means of regulation are influenced by proteins with non-enzymatic functions - scaffold proteins, protein inhibitors and anchoring proteins. These protein modulators channel the signals leading to particular cellular response, and thus represent the key element of signal transduction. Despite increasing importance of protein modulators in cellular signaling, their biological roles remain mostly unknown. The physiological importance of protein modulators is...
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ICP-OES with electrothermal vaporisation (ETV) as a possible tool for direct analysis of biologic samples
Matějková, Stanislava
Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization (ETV) inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) enable simple and rapid multielemental analysis of major, minor and trace elements without the need for pre-treatment of solid or liquid samples. By comparison with more common ICP-OES combined with a solution nebulization, the risk of contamination of analysed samples is reduced. The detection limits and the sample quantity needed for analysis via ETV-ICP-OES decrease as a result of the high-efectivity transport of the sample aerosol into the ICP torch. The connection of ETV unit to simultaneous ICP-OES allows us the fast direct and fully automatised analysis of numerous samples. The technique enable usually the combined calibration with home-made or certified solid and aqueous standards. We developed the methodology for tracking the carboran-based candidate-drugs time dependent concentration and for their pharmacokinetic evaluation. The method is based on direct boron or together boron and cobalt contents direct estimation in little amounts of fresh frozen mice tissues (5 – 10 mg of serum, brain or liver).\n
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Comparison of anti biological protection of the CR with selected EU countries
SOUKUPOVÁ, Eva
Comparison of anti biological protection of the CR with selected EU countries The system of application of hygienic-epidemiological measures within the Czech Republic is based on Act No. 258/2000 Col. on public health protection and on modification of some related acts defining the system of the public health protection bodies and on Directive No. 440/2000 Sb. stipulating the conditions of prevention of occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases and hygienic requirements for operation of healthcare facilities. The individual tasks given to the public health protection bodies as well as to the Integrated Rescue System units may sometimes be misunderstood. These tasks must be known so as the set goals can be performed and thorough hygienic and epidemiological measures can be ensured. Each state has its own biological security system, which very often differs from that of the Czech Republic. To be able to ensure civil protection in the Czech Republic it is necessary to know the legislation provision or the system of biological agent detection in neighbouring countries, i.e. in Slovakia, in Germany, in Austria and in Poland, to make the cross-border cooperation more effective and reliable. The thesis compares the methods of anti-biological protection in the Czech Republic and in the neighbouring states. The thesis also provides information on the differences in legislation and in anti-biological protection application, from both, the basic as well as professional points of view. Upon these comparisons and upon set criteria a conclusion has been drawn that the Czech Republic is ready to cope with an attack by means of B-agents and that some country has more elaborated protection.
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