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Comparison of HPLC a GC-MS method for pesticide determination in soil
Chalbia Václavíková, Alena ; Kočárek, Martin (advisor) ; Havlík, Jaroslav (referee)
Physical and chemical properties of pesticides may vary significantly. Pesticides can be acidic, neutral or alkaline. Some compounds containing phosphorus, other sulfur, nitrogen or halogens. These atoms can be important for the detection of pesticides. Some of the compounds are volatile, others on the contrary not evaporate, which is also one of the important properties for chromatography. The diversity of pesticides actually makes it impossible to create a universal method, which is very impractical in terms of quality and time determination. Because that pesticides are one of the most chemicals in most countries. In the food and drinking water are limits on pesticides in order to avoid negative impact on public health. For residues in soil or surface water limits are set. (Lutz et al., 2006)
The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the possibility of using two types of chromatographs with different detectors for the analysis of pesticide. Pendimethalin which was chosen for this work, will be analyzed usinga liquid chromatograph with UV detektor and gas chromatography with mass detector. Both this method will be compared as well two extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction and shaking), and two extraction agents (methanol and acetonitrile).
Another point of the work is to provethe hypothesis that, for the determination of pendimethalin in soil is by gas chromatography using a mass spectrometer in comparison with the high performance liquid chromatography time and more expensive, but will achieve a higher yield and a lower detection limit of the pesticide.
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The use of (nano)oxides for metal and metalloid stabilization in contaminated soils
Michálková, Zuzana ; Komárek, Michael (advisor) ; Luke, Luke (referee)
The main objective of the thesis was to evaluate the potential of selected Mn and Fe (nano)oxides for the stabilization of metals and metalloids in contaminated soils. The research was focused basically on three materials - commercial nanomaghemite (Fe III), nanomagnetite (Fe II,III) and a synthetic amorphous Mn oxide (AMO). The main aim of the work was to provide a complex view on the chosen stabilizing amendments regarding not just their direct influence on contaminants mobility and stabilization mechanisms, but also their stability and alterations in soil conditions together with influence on soil microorganisms and higher plants. Firstly, adsorption properties of the tested materials towards Cd, Cu, Pb and As were investigated. In this context, the most effective material showed to be the AMO reaching one to two orders of magnitude higher adsorption capacities than Fe III and Fe II,III under given experimental conditions. Interestingly, the rate of As(V) adsorption onto AMO was increasing with increasing pH as a result of high pHzpc of the AMO (8.1) and significant dissolution of this phase at lower pH values. As a next step, the influence of (nano)oxides on metal(loid)s mobility and other physico-chemical soil characteristics after application to contaminated soil was examined. Again, the AMO proved to be the most efficient in reducing mobile pools of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As. On the other hand, Fe III and Fe II,III addition had generally less significant effects on contaminants mobility. AMO application further resulted in an increase of soil pH connected with AMO dissolution and unwanted decomposition of soil organic matter. When (nano)oxides alterations in soil conditions were observed, MnCO3 coatings were identified on AMO surface while no significant changes were recorded for Fe III and Fe II,III. As the MnCO3 formation was connected with increased AMO stability, AMO particles synthetically covered with MnCO3 coating (denoted as SM AMO) were prepared. Although the SM-AMO had a lower mass loss in soil than pure AMO, the stabilizing efficiency was almost the same for both materials. The differences in surface composition of both materials were decreasing with time as MnCO3 naturally precipitated on the AMO surface in soils while the SM AMO coating was gradually dissolving. When investigating the effect on soil microbiota, AMO efficiently promoted soil microbial activity while no significant changes were observed in the case of Fe III and Fe II,III. The AMO was also able to reduce the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), eliminate Zn phytotoxicity symptoms and increase biomass yield. On the other hand, toxic levels of Mn released from the AMO in an acidic soil were found in sunflower tissues. AMO application is thus recommended for contaminated neutral or slightly alkaline pH with a higher cation exchange capacity in order to avoid unwanted release of Mn. Finally, various types of AMO-biochar composite sorbents were recently prepared and field experiment focused on stabilization of Cd, Pb, Zn and As using studied materials is currently under preparation. The combined results from the thesis highlight the importance of a complex experimental approach dealing with all parts of the contaminated soil environment in order to obtain complete information about the efficiency and usefulness of any newly developed stabilizing amendment.
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Fish population on the river Dyje at NP Podyjí
Štrunc, David ; Kalous, Lukáš (advisor) ; Kuříková, Pavlína (referee)
This thesis is focused on changes of fish populations in the river Dyje located at the national park Podyjí. These changes are caused mostly due to presence of two large dams (Znojemská and Vranovská dam) between which w the study locality is situated. There are also other factors affecting ichtyofauna composition as piscivorous predators, non-native species or restocking of particular target species. First information about the fish populations appeared in year 1921. In that years, the locality contained species, that are not present at the river site at the moment. Examples given: sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) and danube salmon (Hucho hucho). These species extincions were associated with interupted fish migration between locality and Donau river basin. On the other hand, new fish pecies (that are not-native to Czech Republic and were not observed before 1921) started to appear during following years. From the former fish population of type Barbus-Chondrostoma the type changed to Salmo-Thymallus. Most of this change was caused by regular restocking of the salmonids. Since 1993 there is evidence on new presence of tolerant fish species that do not necesarilly need cold, flowing water. There is high probability, that this appearance is caused by slowing down the river stream and also the heating of the water, that takes place in the dam.
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Use of Festuca arundinacea for decorative lawns
Doskočil, Jan ; Svobodová, Miluše (advisor) ; Hrevušová, Zuzana (referee)
Use of Festuca arundinacea for decorative lawns
Summary
Festuca arundinacea is briefly bentgrass with broader and coarser leaves. Hardly perennial grass, native to Europe, is well known for its high resistance of dry weather, low intensity of maintenance and resistance of high use. These qualities gains thanks to its well-developed and deep root system, which is capable to gain water and nutrients from deeper parts of soil. Its use is in places with high use, like a race-course, edges of roads or vineyards alleyway. Today, in time of global warming, its usage becomes more important for park purposes and low-input turfs, where is its higher resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly against drought, utilized. Festuca arundinacea complement well with Poa pratensis in turf.
Goal of this work was to evaluate turfs with Festuca arundinacea and chosen grass species under different mowing frequency. According to hypothesis frequency shouldn´t affect turf coverage. Coverage should be same with different mixture composition with Festuca arundinacea.
The experiment was performed on experimental land of Czech university of Life Sciences Prague, Suchdol in 2015. Mixtures of Festuca arundinacea with Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne were seeded together with monocultures of these species in 2012. Mixture composition was 50/50 except mixture of Fesruca arundinacea and Poa pratensis, where the mixture was 75/25. There were conducted 63 plots, in 3 repetitions and in 3 different frequencies of mowing (by 14, 30 and 45 days). Each plot was 6 m2 big. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance ANOVA (P is smaller than 0.05) in program Statgraphics, version XV.
Influence of mixture composition to level of growth was significant. The highest level of growth has monoculture of Festuca arundinacea (10,6 cm). The lowest level of growth has monoculture of Lolium perenne (5,4 cm). Monoculture of Festuca arundinacea had the highest intensity of grow (0,07 cm/day) at 14-day frequency of moving. Lolium perenne has the lowest intensity of grow (0,02 cm/day). At 30-day frequency of mowing mixture of Festuca arundinacea with Poa pratensis has the highest intensity of grow (0,24 cm/day). The lowest intensity of grow has Lolium perenne (0,01 cm/day). The highest intensity of grow was at 45-day mowing frequency. The highest intensity of grow has mixture of Festuca arundinacea with Festuca rubra (0,75 cm/day). The lowest intensity of grow has monoculture of Lolium perenne (0,06 cm/day). Influence of mixture composition to coverage was statistically significant. The highest coverage has mixture of Festuca arundinace with Festuca rubra (81,3 %). The lowest coverage has monoculture of Lolium perenne (58,6%). Influence of frequency to level of growth was statistically significant. The highest level of growth has 45-day frequency of mowing (6 cm) and the lowest level of growth has 14-day frequency of mowing (3,8 cm). Influence of frequency to coverage was statistically significant. The highest coverage 14-day frequency of moving (76,5 %) and the lowest has 45-day frequency of growing (66,7 %).
The knowledge gained will be used for further compilation grass mixtures for park lawns. It turned out that it is better to prefer seeding mixtures with Festuca arundinacea than monocultures. To achieve high coverage and optimal intensity of growth with Festuca arundinacea was recommended to follow 30-day frequency of mowing.
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Factors affecting postmortem changes in pork meat
Seilerová, Michaela ; Čítek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Lebedová, Nicole (referee)
The thesis focused on the summary of the quality of pork. The main indicators of the quality of pork and of meat generally together with a chemical composition and the external and internal factors dealing with the quality of meat are described in the thesis. The various histological structure, the variable chemical content, technological features are found in meat. The structure and composition depends on a way of living, the function of the parts of an animal body, on lots of intravital factors (a kind of an animal, breed, male or female, age, the way of nutrition, the state of health). Meat is a valuable source of nutrients and essential acids for a man. The human organism is not able to synthesize the essential acids itself. Lipids are the important part of meat, their main function is storing energy. They are found as a reserve tissue in the subcutaneus parts of animals or among muscular fibre. The amount of carbohydrates contained in meat is not important, meat is low in carbohydrates. They are only important for meat maturation. Meat is high in minerals and vitamins. It is necesary for a man and should be a part of our diet. The important factor for a meat quality is described as a formation of muscular fibres. There are the thin fibres in the meat of a high quality and the thick and fat fibres in the meat of a low quality. The meat quality depends on a number and charactes of animal fibres. The meat of a high quality is for example loin - it is the meat with fine fibres. The next factor which has influence on a meat quality is course of post mortem changes.We can differentiate four stages in these processes: prae rigor, rigor mortis, aging of the meat and deep autolysis. Post mortem aiging processes can deviate from teh standard from variety of reasons and as concequences we can see quality deviation of the meat for example PSE, DFD, RSE, Hampshire efect and cold shortening.Also the breed has the influance on the quality of the meat namely sensitivity to stress,growth characteristic and parameters of slaughter value, other internal factors are age and sex. External factors which has the influance on the quality of the meat are transport of the animals to the slaughterhouse, attitude of the employees during chasing after the animals, the rest before slaughter, stunning itself,bleeding thereafter and cooling down after slaughtery.
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Breeding of Eastern Rosellas in European Climate Conditions
Baierlová, Nikola ; Ledvinka, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Zita, Lukáš (referee)
Summary
This work is aimed at parrot breeding of genus Rossella in Europe, in different climatic conditions than the conditions in the Southeast and South Australia where the birds come from. Here, you can find overview of their occurrence in nature, evaluation of biotope, feeding and information on breeding in human custody.
Eastern Rosellas (Platycersus eximius) live in pairs and each pair is very protective
of their own nesting teritory. Outside of the nesting season, Rosellas are moving around the land in small groups.
In nature, these parrots eat grain from grass or weeds, seeds from bushes, trees
and of course fruit.
The nesting season starts around february and lasts until august. In nature Rosellas nest in hollow trees, branches, tree stumps, columns, on top of fence post and even in rabbit holes.
The best option when it comes to breeding Rosellas, is an outside aviary, which best represents their natural habitat. European winter causes them little to no trouble, the same goes for severe frost, which allows for year-round stay in the outside aviary.
Rosellas have the similar eating habits as their parrot brethren, meaning sunflower seeds, millet, panic grass, canary and oat. An important supplement in their daily diet is green feed(ing), fresh fruit and vegetable, branches to nibble on, mineral substances, and fresh drinking water. During the nesting season and while with young, it is necessary to feed
the birds an egg mixture, it is an important source of protein.
Breeding of Rosellas is fairly effortless, they can easily nest even in small spaces. Ideal size of their bird house would be 25 x 25 x 60 - 70 cm with a fly-in entrance of 7 - 8 cm. It is necessary to hang the bird houses as high as possible in the protected part of aviary. Female lays 5 - 7 white colored eggs, on which she sits 21 - 22 days. Young birds leave
the nest in age between 28 - 35 days and then, are are partly fed additional 10 - 14 days by
the male.
Among the most frequent diseases of this species of pet birds belong those non contagious, e.g. hypovitaminosis, uricosis and, furthermore parasitical ones and pathogens as well as other contagious diseases or feather abnormalities, such as the so called French defeathering.
Breeding of Rosellas does not require an experienced breeder. With proper care, Rosellas can live up to 25 - 30 years and remain fertile their whole lives.
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Causes, impacts and solutions erosion in the region
Nocarová, Martina ; Janků, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Karel, Karel (referee)
Target of this thesis is to assess erosion risks in the region Podkrkonoší. The region Podkrkonoší, especially district Trutnov, is exposed to serious problems of erosion. Significant erosion affected areas in district Trutnov are cadastral areas Kocbeře, Dubenec and Rtyně v Podkrkonoší. Erosion processes are appearing repeatedly on same locations, which cause to massive entrainment of quality topsoil.
Thesis is focused on cadastral area Rtyně v Podkrkonoší. This area is the most affected by erosion processes. This thesis describes specific locations repeatedly affected by erosion processes. The most affected areas are: Žabárna, U Trhovky, U Horní zastávky, Pod Bohdašínem, K Bohdašínu, Nad Pekárnou and K Vodojemu. The thesis is monitoring, which types of plants are grown in these areas and in what months erosion processes occur the most often, which kind of anti-erosion precautions are used and how are these precautions effective. The thesis tries to find out, if the erosion processes are repeating due growing of plants in the wide lines (65 cm). The work researches specific land blocks according to their endangerment. Each land block is classified to a category of endangerment according DZES 5 (severely threatened by erosion, slight threatened by erosion and land block which are not threatened by erosion), according to the maximum permissible value of cover-management factor (Cp - severely threateden, threatened, slight threatened and not threatened). Calculation of average soil loss by using methods USLE (equation of Wischmeier and Smith) was used for all of land blocks, which were affected by erosion processes. The result is that in all cases the permissible soil loss (4 t.ha-1.rok-1) was exceeded.
In this thesis, anti-erosion precautions were proposed, for example, for locality Žabárna, due to high frequency of erosion processes and therefore high financial losses for land owners, municipality and local residents.
Target of this thesis is to ascertain, if the legislative protection of soil in The Czech Republic is adequate.
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Motivation as a leadership
Kavina, Daniel ; Fiedler, Jiří (advisor) ; Kala, Štěpán (referee)
This Bachelor Thesis focuses on motivation as a way of leading people. It deals with a research of motivation in relation to leading underlings from the point of view of a headworker, and searches for important motivation factors which could have an influence on employees´ work. The object of the study is to find out how important motivation is when leading people, and to focus on significance of motivation stimuli from the point of view of head workers. The theoretical part of the study deals with high-quality background literary researchwhich can provide adequate resource for the analytical - research part of this work. The theoretical resource includes information which enables us to understand better the general system of motivation from the point of view of head workers. The theoretical part emphasizes the choice of suitable literature allowing summary and comparison of important theoretical pieces of knowledge. The practical part of this Bachelor Thesis concentrates on thorough analyses of data collected through the qualitative research. The research was carried out by means of a controlled-interview method, with the interview outcomes recorded in structured questionnaires prepared in advance. The research sample group was formed by 8 respondents willing to have their interviews recorded. The interviews were followed by drawing concrete conclusions which summarize findings obtained from the research executed. The conclusion part of the study presents objective recommendations resulting from the research findings.
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The documentation of the educational trail "Dobrošov" fort (Czech Republic)
Kopecký, Tomáš ; Skalický, Milan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The educational trail Dobrošov fort is situated in the village of the same name. It is an advance specified marked route which leads in the footsteps of the border fortification from 1935 - 1938.
The length of the route is approximately 4 km and visitors are mainly informed about historically interesting places in the surrounding and about the events before World War II. Historical affairs are presented in the form of information panels at individual stops. The panels tell visitors not only about historical military facts of 20th century but also about the building of the fortress fortification Dobrošov.
The educational trail has eight official stops. On the route, visitors can see additional panels with the description of the light fortification and they learn interesting things about the surrounding.
The content of this thesis is a brief characteristic of events in Czechoslovakia before World War II. There is a description of the fortification system of a fort at that time in Europe and Czechoslovakia. Furthermore, this thesis deals with educational trails in general from the viewpoint of their functionality and equipment. This study points out legislation and illustrates new trends of this form of tourism.
The aim of this thesis was to document the educational trail Dobrošov fort, with the focus on historical events of fortification building in Czechoslovakia before World War II. The analysis of the trail and information panels was conducted. A questionnaire survey found out the needs of visitors and highlights the usefulness of this trail. The questionnaire survey had another important role for findings of stated hypotheses. Four scientific hypotheses were formulated. The first one is if the access to more objects increases, its attractiveness and attendance will also increase. The second hypothesis is whether the visitors are satisfied with the infrastructure of the educational trail. Furthermore, the awareness of the educational trail helps to its high attendance, and both citizens and tourists will be happy about a fortification extension which also includes the preservation of decaying objects in the surrounding. The used methods for achieving these aims were the observation and questionnaire survey in the location of the educational trail.
The conclusion shows that the access to more objects will increase the attractiveness and attendance of the trail. However, the visitors are not satisfied with the infrastructure of the trail. The awareness of the educational trail contributes to the high attendance. The hypothesis that local citizens and tourists will be happy about the trail extension which includes the preservation of decaying objects in the surrounding was disproved.
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Assess the current state of nutrition of horses in the specific stables and proposal optimal doses according to the their performance
Burcalová, Helena ; Mudřík, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
This work deals with calculations of feed rations of selected thoroughbred horses at the High School of Horse Racing in Prague together with an assessment of economic aspects of horse feeding. The school is mainly focused on the education of jockeys, which means that the work with horses has to conform to the school requirements that need not meet the ideal feeding rhythm of the horses.
United Kingdom norms were compared to the selected Czech norms. Focus was mainly on the racing season, which provides direct comparison of the feed rations with the horses results in the races. The racing season has the highest energetic requirements that need to take into account not only the requirements for the races themselves but also for the resting periods. Feed rations were measured and fed in precise time intervals. Main feeds were oats, hay, bran and Spillers feeds.
During the assessment period a negative side - effect of high temperatures during consecutive heat - wave periods was observed. This aspect may prove important in the future and needs to be taken into account not only for feeding but for the entire horse training.
Out of five examined horses, exceedance of digestible energy requirements was observed with two horses and underestimation with one horse. For two of them the anomaly was in norm. However, the horse with the highest exceedance was experiencing difficulties with feeding, always leaving a part of the ration intact. This made it necessary to adapt the rations to a higher figure than calculated.
Economic aspect of horse feeding needs to be taken into account. The feeding expenses can be decreased by a suitable selection of a feeding mix, however the savings in this regard are not fundamental.
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