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Influence of advanced oxidative processess on ecotoxicity of pesticides
Goma, Bernadette ; Procházková, Petra (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The topic of this bachelor thesis is a study of the influence of advanced oxidation processes on the ecotoxicity of pesticides Metazachlor and Chloridazon. Both herbicides are commonly used to protect crops such as oilseed rape, turnips, chard or fodder beet against whole range of undesirable monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Application is most often on large areas and therefore pose a high risk to the quality of the environment. The possible influence on the representatives of producers and consumers of the aquatic ecosystem was monitored in the work. Solutions of pesticides, which were subjected to selected methods of treatment using advanced oxidation processes, were tested on aquatic organisms, specifically on crustaceans Daphnia magna and aquatic plant Lemna minor. From the results of individual tests, the ecotoxicological values of EC50 and IC50 were calculated and their ecotoxicity and thus the efficiency of oxidation processes in the removal of pollutants from wastewater were compared.
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Determination of polar pesticides in waste and surface waters
Borůvková, Tereza ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This work is focused on the determination of polar pesticides in surface and waste waters. In this study Mecoprop-P, MCPA, Dichlorprop-P, 2,4-D and MCPBA in differently loaded surface waters and communal waters from sewage treatment plants were analyzed. These herbicides are included in the group identified as environmental quality standards. Some of herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) were selected because their consumption in the Czech Republic exceeds 30 tons a year. Samples were collected prom three rivers near town of Jaroměř (Elbe, Úpa and Metuje Rivers), from one river near the town of Brno (Svratka River) and from inflow and outflow of two sewage treatment plants (WWTP Jaroměř, WWTP Brno – Modřice). Particular rivers were chosen for monitoring due to the probability of occurrence of herbicides, because they flow through agriculturally cultivated areas. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of target compounds and their concentration. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used for the determination of target analytes in surface and waste waters. Selected herbicides were detected in all collected samples.
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Multiresidual methods for the determination of pesticides in waters
Matušková, Monika ; Kubíčková, Kristýna (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor´s work of theoretical character deals with multiresidual determination of pesticides in water. It is especially focused on pesticides generating residues in surface water, which - due to their toxicity and persistence in environment - require goal-directed monitoring. The division of pesticides is stated, and their properties, toxicity and elimination process are described in the work. Furthermore, possibilities of analytical determination, especially the methods of gas and liquid chromatography are introduced here. In the last chapter, the complete analytic procedure for determination of organochlorine pesticides is described.
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Multirezidual analysis of selected pesticides in barley
Ehrenbergerová, Martina ; Duroňová, Kateřina (referee) ; Mikulíková, Renata (advisor)
Barley is one of the economically important crops. Its production is primarilly used as fodder barley and also in brewery and food industry. Particularly the part of its production intended for malt production must be of high quality. There are some important factors which can influence the quality of the crops, such as harmful organisms – diseases, pests and weed. In order to regulate the occurence of harmful organisms, agricultural measures are taken in the integrated protection system and resistant variants and pesticides are used. The higher the demand on the production quality, the bigger is the volume and the spectrum of pesticides used. The increasing extent of pesticide use also poses a risk for internal production quality and the environment. This fact makes it necessary to monitor unfavourable influences, including the contents of the pesticide residues in barley. This work studies the possibility of multiresidual determination of some selected pesticides in malting barley.
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Pesticide glyphosate and possibilities of its determination
Stará, Kristýna ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
This bechelor thesis deals with determination of glyphosate employing capillary isotachophoresis technique. The literature review is devoted to pesticide, their distribution and use, properties and methods for the glyphosate determination, capillary zone isotachophoresis and its use. Experimental part focuses on the application of capillary isotachophoresis for determination of glyphosate, for determination of glyphosate in commercial preparations and testing of glyphosate sorption in soil.
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Detekce příjmu a účinku herbicidů s využitím zobrazovací fluorescence chlorofylu, UV stínění fluorescence chlorofylu a modro-zelené fluorescence
Otáhalík, David
Abstract The diploma thesis is devoted to the problem of detecting the uptake and effect of herbicides using non-destructive methods of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, UV shielding of chlorophyll fluorescence and blue-green fluorescence on model species of weed plants or plants simulating weed species (cornflower, white mustard) and model species of field crops (spring barley, field peas). Chlorophyll, flavonol, anthocyanin and NBI index were also used for detection, which were measured pointwise. The measurement of the methods took place on the 3rd and 8th day after the application of herbicides. It is clear from the obtained results that the methods used differ in their sensitivity to the action of herbicides with different mechanisms of action, but that their sensitivity also changes over time after application. At the same time, a significant interaction with the species according to its sensitivity to the given herbicide is also evident, but at the same time, some methods have recorded responses to the action of the herbicide even in cases of tolerance to the given herbicide, which may be caused by inducing defensive reactions in the plant, such as the accumulation of flavonols or anthocyanins. 3 days after the application of herbicides, the most statistically significant responses to the action of herbicides were found in the anthocyanin and chlorophyll index, the UV shielding of chlorophyll fluorescence and the current quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) parameter. On the other hand, the least evident reactions to the action of herbicides were found for the non-photochemical quenching parameter (NPQ) and the flavonol index. 8 days after the application of herbicides, the most statistically significant reactions were found for the blue-green fluorescence index, the chlorophyll index and the ΦPSII parameter. At least for the NPQ parameter and the flavonol index. The chlorophyll imaging parameter ΦPSII, the chlorophyll index and the blue-green fluorescence index, which were measured only on the 8th day after herbicide application, generally achieved the most statistically significant detections of herbicide intake and effect. The methods used thus demonstrate high potential. Detection methods have a high potential in assessing the intake and effect of herbicides, but it is necessary to consider the duration of herbicide action, the sensitivity of the species and possibly also the growth phase during application for own interpretation of the results.
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Využití bezpilotního průzkumu pro cílenou aplikaci herbicidních látek
Panteleev, Evgeny
The thesis "the use of unmanned Exploration for targeted application of herbicides" is focused on the analysis of land data using unmanned Exploration for the following application of herbicides. The theoretical part of the thesis contains a description of common methods for assessing the state of stands in the form of remote sensing. And then it deals with sub-methods, herbicides and drones. The practical part deals with a semi-operational field experiment in the locality of Letkovice. The content includes the results of field and remote sensing, analyzed data from GIS and results of field experiments focused on variable applications of herbicides. And gave an economic comparison of uniform and variable methods of management.
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Influence of different tillage technology on the occurrence of weed species in cereals
JANUROVÁ, Eliška
The bachelor's thesis deals with the action of herbicides in terms of weed control in winter wheat. This is especially the occurrence of annual dicotyledonous weeds, herbaceous and perennial weed species. Of the selected herbicides, the best efficacy was found for the herbicide Mustang Forte in the conventional farming system and lower efficacy for Biathlon 4D when evaluated in a minimized mode of farming. The greatest herbicidal effect was recorded by Biathlon 4D against chamomile weeds.
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Vliv metazachloru a jeho metabolitu metazachloru OA na raná vývojová stádia raka mramorovaného
ZÁVORKA, Milan
Metazachlor is a selective herbicide used for controlling monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in oilseed rape and other cruciferous plants. It is mainly used as a pre-emergence herbicide. Metazachlor OA is one of the major degradation products of metazachlor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metazachlor and its major metabolite metazachlor OA on the early live stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). The effect of metazachlor and metazachlor OA was evaluated on the basis of behaviour, growth, biomarker of oxidative stress, antioxidant biomarkers, ontogenetic development and occurrence of morphological anomalies. The toxicity test was performed at five concentrations, two concentrations of metazachlor (3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l) and two concentrations of metazachlor OA (3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l) and one control (C). The test exposure was 40 days under defined laboratory conditions. The exposure of metazachlor and metazachlor OA at all tested concentrations caused statistically significantly higher mortality, delayed ontogenetic development and slower growth of crayfish. Metazachlor exposure in concentration 22 micrograms/l and metazachlor OA in concentrations 3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l caused statistically significant reduction of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GSH) levels in whole-body crayfish homogenate. Metazachlor OA showed a more pronounced adverse effect on the early live stages of marbled crayfish than its parent compound, metazachlor. Based on the results of this study we can point out the suitability of crayfish, especially their early live stages for toxicity tests and the possibilities of their use for biomonitoring of aquatic environment herbicides and their metabolites.
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Ecotoxicity of herbicidal ionic liquids
Müllerová, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Klusoň, Petr (referee)
Herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) are organic salts with herbicidal properties. Their anions are usually derived from traditional herbicides, and they are paired with cations of a synthetic or natural origin. Because of their hydrophobic nature and lower volatility, HILs are considered an environmentally friendlier alternative to traditional herbicides, which often persist in the environment, contaminate groundwater and are toxic even to non-targeted organisms. Nevertheless, the scientific research on HILs is mainly focused on their effects on plants. In this thesis, the hormonal activity of selected HILs was tested using human cell lines. In addition, the ecotoxic effect of HILs on soil microorganisms was assessed using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). To study the ecotoxic effect, two different types of soil were incubated with HILs in a 28-day experiment. The soils were characterized by a different management approach - the soils were treated or untreated with pesticides in the past. The effect of the content of soil organic matter and clay minerals on how HILs interact with soil microorganisms was evaluated. The residual concentrations of HILs were quantified during the soil experiment to assess the effect of the management approach applied in the past on the degradation rate of...
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