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Loafing and punishment: psychological study of laziness
Polák, Jakub ; Horáková Hoskovcová, Simona (advisor) ; Slaměník, Ivan (referee)
Contrary to our intuitive expectations about a positive group influence on human performance behaviour, there is a vast body of literature proving the opposite. All the research is based on findings of Max Ringelmann who more than 120 years ago proved in the oldest social psychological experiment ever known that people cooperating on a common task tend to exert less effort than what would be their potential. This performance decrement is caused by coordination losses which relate to the very principles of a team work as well as motivation losses. Because of the tendency of people to limit their effort in collective settings the newly discovered phenomenon has been called social loafing. A group influence on individual's performance became also a main subject of this diploma thesis. Compared to a majority of research dealing with the same topic the present one employs a completely new type of interactive task which involves an intensive cooperation of all group members. We have used in our experiment an original simulation where players are in a role of top management in one movie production company and their goal is to make a strategic decision based on the information distributed among all the team members that will bring them the biggest profit. Consequently we have directly analysed behaviour of...
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Coping with stress in women with alcohol abuse
Kotábová, Lenka ; Goldmann, Petr (advisor) ; Viktorová, Ida (referee)
Main theme of this work is generation of coping strategies by the women with alcohol dependence. Author is highlighting mounting society tolerance to stress and to alcohol abuse and she also shows this two phenomenon in mutual context. By the women side of population author particular describe dependence and border of society norm. Main goal is to bring to light and explore maladaptive strategies, by women with alcohol dependence, which are varied from ordinary population and the reason of such a behavior. To solve this issue author chose two methods. Firstly she uses data from TAT projective test, secondly verbal self examination test SVF. Inquire group of women author compare with control group of women, who embody no alcohol problem. Better success is expected from control group, because normal population should have better coping strategies. From result of research ensue, that women with alcohol dependence embody worse coping strategies indeed. But this difference is not such as strong as was expected. In declarative test SVF alcohol dependent women overestimate their strategies in comparison to TAT. On the base of this fact author offers hypothesis, that it can be only proclamation in presentation of coping strategies. Women from control group anticipate their strategies more accurately.
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Neuronavigation in therapy and rehabilitationof schizophrenia using rTMS
Holec, Michal ; Horáček, Jiří (advisor)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a promising therapeutic method which allows non-invasive reduction of schizophrenia symptoms. The main imperfection of this technique had been the impossibility of precise targeting of the rTMS coil at the given cortical area. This can be achieved by using neuroimaging techniques and stereotactic neuronavigation, which enables to target the coil with a high degree of anatomic accuracy. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between excitability of motor and visual cortex. Using neuronavigated single-pulse (SP) and paired-pulse (PP) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, Magstim Rapid) over right visual cortex, the phosphene thresholds were measured in 11 subjects. Motor threshold (MT) was identified by using standard methodology. In all subjects the phosphenes were induced by both SP (median = 48 %, IQR = 44,5-52,0) and PP (median = 44 %, IQR=39,5- 48,0) TMS. PP phosphene thresholds were lower than SP thresholds (U = 28,0, p ≤ 0,05). We found the positive correlation between MT and SP phosphene threshold (r = 0,597, p ≤ 0,05) but not for MT and PP. The distance of coil position from the brain surface did not correlate with MT, SP nor PP phosphene threshold. Our findings confirm the relationship between MT and phosphene threshold measured by the use of...
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Affecting posture in people with visual impairment
Miklová, Lenka ; Hošková, Blanka (advisor) ; Levitová, Andrea (referee)
Title of the thesis: Affecting posture in people with visual impairment. Aim of the thesis: The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the effect of exercise on selected variables of locomotor system function. Methodology: The project was conceived as a case study and it so the participation of 18 girls with visual impairment (mean age 17.5 years). The group was examined using a basic investigation method for evaluating posture, balance and muscular imbalances. The study lasted 6 months and the measurements took place before the beginning, 3 months after the beginning (during which time the girls did not exercise) and following the end of a special three-month exercise program based on remedial physical education methods. Conclusion: The results showed that after the first three months the girls performed worse in most of the parameters under examination, and after a further three-month motor program they performed better in most tests as compared to the second measurement. Between the first and the second measurement, important changes became manifested in the muscle shortening parameter, namely in the flexion of the hip joint (20 % decreased), in the paravertebral muscles (decrease of 17.5 %). As far as balance is concemed, between the first and the second measurement, the improvement percentage...
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Practical use of interactive boards in primary education
Koppová, Danuše ; Wildová, Radka (advisor) ; Křivánek, Zdeněk (referee)
Diploma work named "Using of an interactive whiteboard in a primary class" refers possibility and appropriateness of using interactive whiteboard in young school age children educating. Photos and videos enclosed show how children work with the board. These photos and videos are accompanied with descriptions of these parts of lessons where the board was used. Ways of creation, acquiring, using and saving presentations are mentioned as well. The diploma work contains experiences and information concerning using of an inteactive whiteboard in young school age education.
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PODZOLS OF LOWLANDS IN CZECHIA AND THEIR MEANING IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Freyerová, Kateřina ; Chuman, Tomáš (referee) ; Šefrna, Luděk (advisor)
Non-boreal podzol is azonal type of podzols in lowlands of midlle latitude, for which is especially typical translocation of organics compounds from soil surface into spodic horizon. During this translocation a considerable accumulation of organic matter is developed. Carbon estimation in Czechia is executed in depth upper 30 cm only, and that is why the carbon pools are underestimated in podzols. In this bachelor thesis was executed general estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) by means of methods used in CzechCarbo project, which led to result of 56,4 tC/ha. This mass is equivalent to upper 30 cm layer. It means that if the spodic horizon is not included in SOC estimation, it could cause misrepresentation in soil organic carbon estimating. Keywords: podzols, soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration, soil carbon estimating.
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Sophism in the works of Plato
Šimek, Vojtěch ; Svoboda, David (advisor) ; Peroutka, David (referee)
Resumé bakalářské práce "SOFISTIKA V DÍLECH PLATÓNA" Katedra filosofie KTF UK Vedoucí práce Mgr. David Svoboda Vypracoval Vojtěch Šimek Rok 2007 Bakalářská práce má za předmět Platónovo pojetí sofistiky. Platónovy dialogy jsou výchozími prameny a převážným, ale ne jediným, zdrojem informací. První část se zabývá sofistikou na základě platónských dialogů. Druhá část zahrnuje i neplatónské pohledy na sofistiku - nakolik pomáhají lépe pochopit pohled platónský. V první části jsem stručně přiblížil historický kontext řecké polis na přelomu 5. a 4. století př. Kr. a zhruba načrtl Platónovu biografii a jeho filosofickou nauku. Sofistika Platónovy doby je fenoménem úzce spjatým s životem tehdejší polis a s tehdejším demokratickým zřízením. Sofisté vyučují převážně mladé lidi za nemalé finanční ohodnocení. Jejich žáci se mají naučit, jak slovem i činem obstát v konkurenčním klimatu řecké politiky. Dialogy, ve kterých Platón představuje jednotlivé sofisty - protagonisty tehdejšího vzdělávání (paideia), ukazují, že sofistiku považoval za ohrožení, jehož povahu je nutno správně poznat. Sofisté nevlastní podle Platóna pravé vědění o "dobrosti" (areté), nenahlížejí pravé hodnoty vyjádřené skrze ideje. Nezprostředkují pravé vědění (epistémé), ale pouhé zdání (doxa), utvořené z pozorování většiny v lidu. Přemlouvají...
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Amicable settlement of disputes in payment systems
Kubačka, Michal ; Schlossberger, Otakar (advisor)
Amicable settlement of disputes in payment systems has recently recorded a big rise in interest among the general public. This thesis deals precisely with this phenomenon, whereas deeply processes the topic of the financial arbitrage, and discusses its basic principles and policies. Its task is to give, even to lay readers, a comprehensive view of the topic and answer fundamental questions related to the financial arbitration. The practical part focuses on the analysis of selected aspects of the operation of the financial arbiter office, and using the comparative "year by year" method tries to evaluate past trends and establish a possible future developement. Bachelor thesis also attempts to answer the question about the future direction of the Institute of czech financial arbitrator and the impact of upcoming changes to its operation. The thesis is designated both for students, as well as for the general public with an interest to learn more about the topic, or perhaps even for the future use of the financial arbiter service.
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Antimicrobial effect of antidepressants. I.
Marečková, Helena ; Jílek, Petr (advisor) ; Vejsová, Marcela (referee)
1 Abstract Several years ago antimicrobial activity was describe for psychotropic drugs against wide groups of microorganisms. Recently it was found that one class of them, known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), has in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity. In this study the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of two SSRI (paroxetine and fluoxetine) against various strains of Candida spp. (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis), Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichosporon beigelii using a broth microdilution test were investigated. The most susceptible fungal organism was Saccharomyces cerevisiae - fluoxetine (MIC 15,6µg/ml) and paroxetine (MIC 31,25µg/ml). In the second part of our study we tested combination of some antifungal agents (amphotericin B, fluconazole and flucytosine) with paroxetine and fluoxetine using checkerboard method. Activity was measured against two strains Candida albicans, one strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three auxotrophic strains Candida albicans (CA-SC, CA-BWOZ, CA-BWP), depended on uridine. For fluconazole testing we used six fluconazole-resistant strains Candida spp. in addition. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes ranged between 0,5 and 2,4 for the various combinations and various...
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Theory about the Effects of the Mass Media and the Influence of Society on the Press
Ryšková, Miroslava ; Stracený, Josef (advisor) ; Havlík, Radomír (referee)
Tématem mé diplomové práce jsou média. Masová média jsou jedním z projevů modernizace společnosti a hrají v našem životě důležitou roli. O významném postavení tisku, rozhlasu, televize či počítačových sítí ve společnosti není pochyb. Nabízejí nejrůznčjší informace a podněty k zamyšlení a prožívání, podílejí se na strukturování času v každodenním životě, posilují či posunují významy slov, zvuků a obrazů a předkládají vzory chování a společenské hodnoty. Ze sféry masových médií se práce konkrétně věnuje jednomu z nejatraktivnějších a nejpřitažlivějších problémů a to jejímu vlivu. Dnes již není sporu o tom, že média mají vliv na chování jednotlivce a společnosti, na životní styl a dokonce i na politické rozhodování. Právě proto jsou s fungováním médií ve společnosti spojovány nejrůznější naděje a obavy a právě proto veřejnost odborná i laická tolik diskutuje o onom vlivu. Nicméně hned na počátku se setkáme s problémem, který nás neopustí po celou dobu studia vybraného tématu. Masová média se stala nedílnou součástí naší společnosti, s ostatními společenskými institucemi a ději jsou natolik provázaná, že je téměř nemožné je od těchto vzájemných interakcí izolovat a zkoumat samostatně. Nadto by bylo chybné, pokoušet se o oddělení vlivu médií od sociálního prostředí, protože média vždy působí jako součást...
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