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Political mobilization of ethnicity in Rwanda
Ducháč, Aleš ; Werkman, Kateřina (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
The master thesis Political mobilization of ethnicity in Rwanda examines the content of radio broadcasts that played an infamous role in spreading the hatred aimed against the Tutsi minority before and during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. For the purposes of this study, the method of thematic analysis was employed. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of the thesis begins with the conceptualization of key terms including their theoretical underpinnings. Following the theoretical part, the next section contains historical analysis of Hutu-Tutsi relationship while mapping both its origins and subsequent development. The second, practical part of this work studies the discourse of Rwandan radio station Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines that played an essential role in inciting hatred towards the Tutsi minority and subsequent Hutu mobilization during the genocide. The core of this part comprises thematic analysis of English radio broadcasts transcripts, which aired in the period of 1993-1994 when this radio existed. The aim of this work is to shed light on how ethnicity was mobilized before and during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Initial understanding of the historical development of a highly complex relationship between the Hutu and the Tutsi will help to explain what caused...
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Perception of Armenian Question for Czech Readership (1878 - 1925)
Jandák, Marek ; Klusáková, Luďa (advisor) ; Košťálová, Petra (referee)
This bachelor thesis is devoted to the analysis of reflection of the Armenian Question in crucial years 1878 - 1925. The main aim is to examine one historical issue on different levels with use of two case studies demanding different methodological approach. The opening chapter is focusing on the image of Armenians and Turks in Czech public sphere. The second part of my thesis is dealing with changing image of violence committed on Armenian population in the late Ottoman Empire in the Czech language daily Národní politika. In the third chapter I am paying attention to the writings of Czech traveler and humanist Karel Hansa. My study of the journal Národní listy is focusing on approach of the newspaper to mass violence and humanitarian problems and it takes a form of textual, quantitative and contents analysis. The chapter 4 about Karel Hansa is worked out in a narrative style with use of anthropological approach. My attention in both cases is focusing on phenomena of indifference or active help in the time of genocide and humanitarian crises through a prism of study with subtitle Psychic numbing and genocide by American psychologist Paul Slovic. Outcome of my research of Národní politika journal is that Czech society was remarkably passive and world news in the newspaper were quite unoriginal,...
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Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial
Kohout, David ; Seltenreich, Radim (advisor) ; Vojáček, Ladislav (referee) ; Horák, Záboj (referee)
in English Dissertation Thesis David Kohout: Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial This Dissertation on the topic of "Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial" seeks to analyze the main approaches to the prosecution and punishment of the Nazi crimes. It was chosen to use the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in years 1961 - 1962 as a connecting thread of this whole work. It was so not only due to the individual remarkableness of the trial but also due to the fact that it was in many ways a very illustrative for the previous legal development until that time. Additionally, many commentators of this trial attribute it a great impact on the renewal of the interest in the prosecution of former Nazis who were implicated in perpetration of crimes committed until 1945 and who remained at large after the end of war. Therefore this Thesis goes beyond the Eichmann trial and focuses on its broader context in material but also personal sense (in the text it often referred to cases of prosecution of close collaborators of Adolf Eichmann). In the opening chapters this Dissertation, however, starts with events that go far back in time before the Adolf Eichmann trial. This is for the...
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The concept of "Responsibility to Protect" and the international community. The case of Sudan
Linková, Zuzana ; Werkman, Kateřina (advisor) ; Hynek, Nikola (referee)
The thesis "Concept Responsibility to Protect Within International Community: Sudan Case Study" focuses on the R2P concept and its implications since its approval at the World Summit in 2005. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the R2P concept, its constitution, the three pillars and their main principles, and categories of crimes on which the concept can be applied. This section includes an analysis of attitudes, which the key international actors adopted towards the R2P. The last chapter of the theoretical part examines the main problems, challenges and difficulties of the concept which could the international community face when implementing the concept. The practical part of this thesis relates to the conflict in Darfur. Its first chapter deals with the evolution of tensions in Sudan, which had affected the current conflict. The second chapter focuses on the present conflict since its beginning in 2003, including the debate about the possibility of potential genocide committed by the Sudanese government. The involvement of the key international actors (the UNSC and AU) in the conflict is discussed in this part as well. Finally, the last part interconnects the concept through the three pillars with the conflict and; it evaluates functioning of the R2P in the case of Sudan. The evaluation...
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The crime of genocide in the light of a judgment of the ICJ
Rákociová, Silvia ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Balaš, Vladimír (referee)
The crime of genocide in the light of a judgment of the ICJ This diploma thesis addresses the influence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision1 on the crime of genocide. On 22nd March 1993 Bosnia and Herzegovina brought an action against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRJ) before the ICJ. FRJ was charged with the breach of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Convention). After 14 years, the ICJ held decision on 26th February 2007. In the beginning, the Court had to solve procedural issue concerning the position of the Respondent in the dispute and after it positive answer, it could proceed to consider the merits of the case. The important part of the Decision is dedicated to the responsibility of a state for the genocide. Although the Convention did not explicitly anchor it, the Court deduced it by interpretation of the Article I. The prohibition on the genocide is then recognized not only under the customary law, but also in the Convention. Consequently "the Court observes that the obligations in question in this case (...) and the responsibilities of the States (...) are obligations and responsibilities under international law. They are not of a criminal nature."2 Therefore, the standard of proof is not as high as beyond reasonable doubts...
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History of the transports Dl and Dm from Teresienstadt to Auschwitz
Strmisková, Sabina ; Míšková, Alena (advisor) ; Václavů, Lubor (referee)
The theme of this thesis is the history of two transports, transports Dl and Dm dispatched september 6 1943 from ghetto Terezín to Auschwitz. It is possible to find a lot of information in many publications, but this thesis introduces this subject throught testimonies of eyewitnesses. Starting with the family background, continuing with deportation to Theresienstadt from where the transports were dispatched. Concerning the transport to Auschwitz, I elaborated its characteristics looking at the age and sex of the transported inmates. Due to the witness's testimonies, I tried to concentrate on the history of two day's journey to the biggest extermination camp during the second world war. And the eyewitness's testimonies are illustrating all the welcoming ceremony, the desinfection, tattoo and dormitory allocation. In my thesis, I would like to describe the Terezin inmates' biannual stay in family camp B IIb, tragical death of 3 792 of them at night of 8 to 9 March 1944, seeking to recreate the Dr. Mengele's list of medical personnel and twins. Finally, I would like to emphasise the fate of 41 survivors of those transports.
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Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
Bureš, Jan ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Čepelka, Čestmír (referee) ; Bílková, Veronika (referee)
in English The theme of this dissertation is the subject matter jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Offences such as aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, sometimes called the "core crimes", are the most serious crimes ever indentified under international law. These crimes do not violate only some particular rights, but they threaten the whole international community, peace, security and well-being of the world. Therefore it is essential to have a precise legal definition of these grave crimes and to establish an effective judicial mechanism for prosecution of the most dangerous criminals. However, it is not easy to find general consent on these matters among the international community. There is not much space for internationalisation in the field of criminal law, which was traditionally considered an important part of national sovereignty. Thus the path towards establishment of the ICC, which is the first permanent international criminal judicial body ever, was extremely difficult, as was definition of the four core crimes falling within its jurisdiction. This thesis scrutinises the concrete provisions of the ICC Statute, the "Rome Statute", which constitute substantive law by defining the crime of genocide (art. 6), crimes against humanity (art. 7), war...
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Genocide in international law
Hokr, Lukáš ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Faix, Martin (referee)
1 Abstract Genocide belongs to the category of crimes under international law. Crime under international law means the act of a natural person acting in an official capacity or with the consent of the State and whose conduct violates important norms of mandatory law. A perpetrator committing the offence has the individual criminal responsibility which follows directly from international law. The term genocide was first used by Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin in 1944. Lemkin's idea of genocide as a crime against international law was widely accepted by the international community and was used as one of the bases of the Nuremberg process. Genocide has not been since the beginning of the traditional division of crimes under international law listed as a separate crime. The criminal act was regarded as a part of other crimes under international law, especially crimes against humanity. Genocide acquired autonomous status as a separate crime under international law only after the 2nd World War in 1948, when the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted. The Genocide Convention of 1948 and the corresponding rule of customary international law require both the objective and subjective elements to meet so as to incur individual criminal responsibility for the crime of...
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Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial
Kohout, David
in English Dissertation Thesis David Kohout: Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial This Dissertation on the topic of "Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial" seeks to analyze the main approaches to the prosecution and punishment of the Nazi crimes. It was chosen to use the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in years 1961 - 1962 as a connecting thread of this whole work. It was so not only due to the individual remarkableness of the trial but also due to the fact that it was in many ways a very illustrative for the previous legal development until that time. Additionally, many commentators of this trial attribute it a great impact on the renewal of the interest in the prosecution of former Nazis who were implicated in perpetration of crimes committed until 1945 and who remained at large after the end of war. Therefore this Thesis goes beyond the Eichmann trial and focuses on its broader context in material but also personal sense (in the text it often referred to cases of prosecution of close collaborators of Adolf Eichmann). In the opening chapters this Dissertation, however, starts with events that go far back in time before the Adolf Eichmann trial. This is for the...
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The origin of the Nazi death camps 1941 - 1942
Hájek, Jakub ; Jeřábek, Martin (advisor) ; Moravcová, Dagmar (referee)
The bachelor thesis "The origin of the Nazi death camps 1941 - 1942" explores the escalation of the Jewish persecution in the period between the attack on the Soviet Union and the Wannsee Conference. The focus of this thesis lies in the cricial period for the destiny of the Jews in the Nazi Germany, with its stressing the most important points that led to the gradual escalation of the Jewish persecution. The killing starts with searching the most suitable destination for the deportations, and it proceeds to numerous murders in which there were the origins for the mass killings that followed. These were known as the "final solution" and they took place in a highly elaborated system of camps which were later called "death camps". The main focus is therefore the distribution of the directions, control and coordination of the killings by the Nazi security institutions and administration. This is because the formation of the administration and progressive centralization of the Jewish persecution are the most important points for the understanding of how this mass killing could be so carefully controlled by the Nazis and how it could develop from such local activities to the massively industrialized killings of the Jews from the entire Europe.
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