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Rights to Preserve Minority Languages and Culture in International Law (Traditional Minorities versus Immigrants)
Šimková, Sylva ; Hofmannová, Mahulena (advisor) ; Honusková, Věra (referee)
Tato práce se zabývá poskytováním práv na zachování menšinového jazyka a kultury imigrantským menšinám. Práce se zvláště soustředí na "lingvistická práva", tedy na veřejné vzdělání v menšinovém jazyce a přístup menšiny k většinovému jazyku, právo na vícejazyčné názvy a označení, právo na financování aktivit, které zviditelňují menšinovou kulturu, a právo na použití menšinového jazyka při jednání s úřady. Práce shrnuje úpravu lingvistických práv v mezinárodněprávních dokumentech. Budou popsány závazky, které pro státy vyplývají z následujících dokumentů: Mezinárodní pakt o občanských a politických právech (1966), Deklarace OSN o právech osob náležejících k národnostním, etnickým, náboženským a jazykovým menšinám (1992), Všeobecná deklarace lingvistických práv (1996), Všeobecná deklarace kulturní diversity (2001), Mezinárodní úmluvu o ochraně práv všech migrujících pracovníků a jejich rodinných příslušníků (1990), Římská smlouva (1957), Evropská úmluva o lidských právech (1950), Evropská charta regionálních či menšinových jazyků (1992), Podobně Rámcová úmluva o ochraně národnostních menšin (1995), Haagská doporučení vztahující se k právům národnostních menšin na vzdělání (1996) a Doporučení z Oslo vztahující se k lingvistickým právům národnostních menšin (1998). Cílem práce je zjistit, jak se lingvistická...
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Attribution of Conduct to a State according to Public International Law
Bruner, Tomáš ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Faix, Martin (referee)
The thesis firstly describes how the concept of attribution of private conduct to a state changed during the history. Original ancient conception of collective responsibility was absolute. One could attribute to a State or ancient community any unlawful act of its members. The damaged country or community could choose whether to demand and accept reparation or resort to use of force. This conception changed in the late middle ages and modern times. The responsibility of state was made more subjective. The international relations were perceived as inter-personal relations among the sovereigns. Unlawful conduct of private persons was not attributed to those sovereigns. This subjective conception of responsibility prevailed; it was based on concept of fault of the sovereign, either in form of action or omission or negligence. Later, the attribution of conduct of the sovereign to a State widened and included also the attribution of conduct of state organs. Since the 19th century the responsibility has been gaining more objective character in certain areas of international law. The concept of diplomatic protection allowed attribution of a failure to guarantee certain standard and of a failure to protect the interests of foreigners on the territory of particular state. Another concept of due diligence prescribed...
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Comparison of English and Australian cartel law
Šach, Petr ; Boháček, Martin (advisor) ; Vozáb, Jakub (referee)
Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na kartelové právo formou srovnání australské a české úpravy. Přibližuje základní principy australského kartelového práva, obsahuje výklad nejdůležitějsích pojmů - relevantní trh, tržní síla a soutěžitel - dle australské i české úpravy. Pojednává o institucionálním rámci kartelového práva z pohledu obou úprav a přibližuje rozdíly regulace dohod narušujících soutěž, zneužití dominantního postavení a spojování soutěžitelů.
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An ethical duty of the Hippocratic oath today
PETRŮ, Martina
The Hippocratic Oath probably comes from the 4th - 5th century BC. It is traditionally attributed to ancient physician Hippocrates or one of his disciples. It was created as a moral guide to behavior of physicians and it describes fundamental ethical principles of their profession in relation to the surroundings, family, teachers and the patient. In its time it represented a revolutionary rule.Text of the Hippocratic Oath has functioned as an oath sworn by inchoative physicians for centuries. Today it is replaced by a medical oath, which, in its different variants, is based on ethical Hippocratic requirements related to quality of contact between the physician and the patient. Changes in the Hippocratic Oath are mainly related to the development of surgery, transplantation, euthanasia, etc. The Hippocratic Oath refuses surgical interventions, because in times when it was created, these principles were in conflict with beneficence and intactness.This is the reason why it also rejects euthanasia and abortion.Nowadays, these interventions are already legalised in some countries to a certain extent and are applied according to relevant principles. Target of this Bachelor´s thesis was to find out what significance is attached to the Hippocratic Oath today. The thesis was conceived as a theoretical and historical comparative study aimed at the interpretation of content of the Hippocratic Oath, its further historical development and its today's validity or applicability. It was examined whether its text can compete in present times and which parts are still valid and which have been overcome. For this purpose, there was used a comparison of interpretation of content of the Hippocratic Oath with present moral codes in medicine, specifically with the Czech Medical Chamber Code and the Nurse Code of Ethics.In the introductory chapter of my Bachelor´s thesis, there are defined basic concepts related to the Hippocratic Oath, such as ethics, morality, medical ethics, relations between ethics and the law and basic medical principles. The next chapter deals with the author of the Oath, his teachings, times and circumstances of creation of the Hippocratic Oath, development of changes in the text of medical sponzes connected to changes in the society. The third chapter is dedicated to history of medicine from death of Hippocrates to present days.The last section is dedicated to the text analysis of the Hippocratic Oath in connection with current status of the medical field, and at the same time there was carried out a comparison of its text with applicable codes mentioned above. Aim of this thesis, in addition to interpretation and validity findings of the Hippocratic Oath, is to reveal identical and different elements referring to its text in the codes. Mutual comparison revealed that ethical issues of both codes are in accordance with the Hippocratic Oath. General ethical principles like decency, thoughtfulness and mutual respect are concepts, which have effect even today. I would say that in some points the Hippocratic Oath is obsolete and does not have anything to offer today. However, the opposite is true. Nowadays, medicine develops at an incredible pace and good relations between the physician and the patient slowly fade away. The patient is increasingly becoming some kind of material substance. Physicians often carry out their work under pressure of environment, insurance companies, pharmaceutical and other companies. Decency, empathy and good manners are disappearing. Nowadays, the Hippocratic Oath cannot fully encompass all complicated relationships and problems physicians face during their performance of their occupation, and according to these problems they should choose actual ethical practices. Despite its age, however, it is still accepted by laical and professional public for its unquestionable moral legacy.
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Taxation in the United States and suggestions for Czech tax legislation
Janoutová, Alena ; Láchová, Lenka (advisor) ; Kouba, Tomáš (referee)
My diploma thesis deals with a tax system of the United States of America. The main attention in this thesis is dedicated to a federal taxation in the United States of America, but also a state and a municipal level of taxation.The most important object of this thesis is to analyze a current tax system of USA, which contains my proposals for improvement of the Czech Tax Law e. g. an improvement of tax payment discipline or an enhancing legal certainty of citizens. The conclusion contains a complete assessment of discovered findings. On the basis of such the diploma thesis, the reader should acquire a complex insight into the United States tax system.
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The Role of International Organisations in the Formation of Legal Norms in International Criminal Law
Mazánková, Zuzana ; Kochan, Jan (advisor) ; Trávníčková, Zuzana (referee)
The submitted bachelor thesis addresses the ongoing issue of international criminal law and the impact that international organisations have on it. Its main objective is to identify means by which the selected international organisations contribute to the development of legal norms in international criminal law, taking into account the existence of international non-governmental organisations besides intergovernmental ones. The first part presents a theoretical definition of international criminal law, its status in the context of international public law and clarification of concepts. Next parts of the thesis concentrate on the organisations themselves and analyses of their particular impacts on international criminal law and branches that contribute to its functioning.
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