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Nutritional of patients with diabetes mellitus of the second type
Vlášková, Lenka ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Škrha, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on nutritional of patients with diabetes mellitus of the second type. The theoretical part defines type 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been increasing in our country and all over the world. Although the genetic predisposition is necessary for the development of diabetes, we can prevent this disease. The obesity as well as the other components of the metabolic syndrome prevention is very important in type 2 diabetes prevention. Physical activity is also very important, as it has a significant effect on insulin sensitivity and the dietary influences, which this bachelor thesis particularly deals with. The practical part is based on the survey, which contains the results of a questionnaire survey carried out at the 13rd International day of diabetes mellitus on Charles square in Prague. This part of the work shows how are their eating habits and activities. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dietary prevention
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Genetic determination of type 2 diabetes mellitus, analysis of selected genes - THADA, MAEA, JAZF1 and ARAP1
Procházková, Iveta ; Hubáček, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kaňková, Kateřina (referee)
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide spread disease of affluence which prevalence has been growing. Although, the probability of its manifestation is being linked above all with environmental factors, genetic susceptibility plays an important role too. The aim of this thesis was to find out the association of four polymorphisms with the risk of T2DM manifestation in Czech population. Polymorphisms rs10203174 THADA, rs6819243 MAEA, rs849135 JAZF1 and rs1552224 ARAP1 (CENTD2) were chosen based on their risk in British population. Methodology: We studied groups of 712 Czech patients with T2DM and 752 healthy controls selected as a random sample of Czech population in the post-MONICA study. For a genotypisation rs10203174 and rs6819243 we used the PCR-RFLP method. For an analysis of genotypes rs849135 and rs1552224 was used the real-time PCR method. The results were analysed via odds ratio (OR) a chi-square test. Results: In case of the rs1552224 variant, the risk was proved with statistical significance (P = 0,01). The value of OR for the risk allele T is 1,37 (95% CI 1,07-1,75). In case of the polymorphisms rs10203174, rs6819243 and rs849135 no significant association with the disease was proved. For rs10203174 the value of OR of the allele C is 1,20 (95% CI 0,91-1,56, P = 0,20), OR of...
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The role of incretin hormones in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Marchal, Anna ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Brabcová, Iveta (referee)
Incretins are gut hormones secreted by cells located in the small intestine in response to ingestion of nutrients. The aim of this thesis is to describe their effect on the control of glucose homeostasis. Incretin receptors are widely distributed in multiple tissues and organs suggesting their complex effects including the regulation of glucose homeostasis and food intake by various mechanisms including both peripheral and central effects. Owing to their ability to regulate insulin secretion and glucose metabolism incretins have a potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Incretin-based therapy strategies are discussed and compared in this thesis. Analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1, one of the incretin hormones, have the ability to lower body weight and therefore are considered as a possible obesity treatment both in patients with and without diabetes. The role of incretins in pathophysiology of obesity and studies carried out in order to evaluate its potential in the treatment of this disease are depicted. The thesis also involves an overview of possible role of incretins in metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. Keywords: Incretin hormones, GIP, GLP-1, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity.
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LCD a VLCD diet during hospitalization
Zajíčková, Jana ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Kytnarová, Jitka (referee)
Objective: LCD and VLCD diets are short-term indicated (days to weeks) low caloric and very low caloric diets, which should be supervised by a doctor - e. g. by means a weight loss hospitalization (WLH). LCD and VLCD diets are used in preoperative preparation of obese patients and to break insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM II). The theoretical part of the bachelor"s thesis is focused on LCD and VLCD in obesity and diabetes mellitus treatment - the two most common diseases that can be found in the medical history of patients indicated for WLH. The aim of the theoretical part is to compare obesity treatment in medical care and commercial weight loss programs (for commercial weight loss programs the term "obesity management" is used). The study evaluate the most common indications for WLH, determine weight changes during the hospitalization and compare the weight of patients with DM II and without DM II (nDM II) one year after the WLH. Methods: The input data were obtained from the Medea database. These are the anamnestic data of patients hospitalized for the purpose of losing weight on the Third Medical Department of First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague in the period of January 2014 - January 2015. There were 93 WLHs...
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Dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hrdinová, Zuzana ; Flekač, Milan (advisor) ; Trachta, Pavel (referee)
This thesis deals with the dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Dietary measures are one of the most fundamental elements of the prevention of diabetes. The general characteristics of diabetes mellitus, including epidemiology, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis is described in the theoretical part of this thesis as an introduction to this issue. Other chapters are dedicated to prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. More detailed interpretation of the prevention of diabetes is at the end of theoretical part of this theses. The survey among the people without diabetes was conducted as a part of this thesis. The main purpose was to find out the level of public awareness of the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The concrete objectives of this survey was to find out whether the respondents incorrectly consider the higher sugar intake to be the one of the main causes of emergency of type 2 diabetes and furthermore ascertain the awareness of connection between the obesity and type 2 diabetes. And the third particular aim was to determine the awareness of the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide. The online survey was conducted by a questionnaire and the respondents were informed about its anonymity. Questionnaires were sent to people in my neighborhood. The survey showed that the general...
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Endocrine role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kratochvílová, Helena ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Taxová Braunerová, Radka (referee)
Adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ is explored in a number of processes associated with metabolic disorders. This work is aimed on studying the effect of endoscopically implantable weight-reducing device - duodeno-jejunal bypass liner - on subclinical inflammation of adipose tissue in obese patients, which contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Specifically, for patients implanted with duodeno- jejunal bypass liner we determined anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal characteristics, and mRNA expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue proinflammatory (TNF-α, leptin, CCL- 2, CX3CL1, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD206, CD163 and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory genes (Adiponektin, IL-10) before, one month and ten months after the intervention. The implantation of duodeno-jejunal bypass liner significantly decreased body weight, waist circumference, and improved metabolic and glycemic control. In addition, C-reactive protein a highly sensitive indicator of inflammatory processes in the body was reduced ten months after implantation. In the case of mRNA expression of CD86 (a marker of activated B lymphocytes and macrophages) there was temporarily increase in adipose tissue one month after the surgery and the subsequent significant decrease after ten months. mRNA expression of other...
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Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in experiment, prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, non-invasive diagnostics
Dvořák, Karel ; Brůha, Radan (advisor) ; Ehrmann, Jiří (referee) ; Lotková, Halka (referee)
This thesis focuses on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in experiment, on prevalence of this condition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome and also on non-invasive diagnostics. The aim was to study the effect of n-3 PUFA on NAFLD development in an experimental model and based on analysis of a group of patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome to assess the prevalence of this condition. Lastly we aimed to evaluate non-invasive diagnostic methods of liver fibrosis and NASH. We demonstrated beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA administration on NAFLD development in a C57/Bl6 mice high fat methionin-cholin defficient dietary model of NAFLD. n-3 PUFA administration led to biochemical improvement, decrease of lipid accumulation in the liver as well as improvement of histology. These effects are determined by complex modulation of lipid metabolism, mainly due to decrease in availability of fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis in the liver, changes of adipokine levels and amelioration of proinflammatory status in the liver. In a group of type 2 diabetics we found NAFLD prevalence of almost 80%, 14% of these patients had also signs of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Non-invasive methods...
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The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis
Marková, Lenka ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Verner, Zdeněk (referee)
This thesis is focused on the existing data referring to role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of several important diseases. It introduces mitochondrial proteins, their role and metabolism, dysfunction of which is behind pathogenetic processes. The thesis also summarizes possible mitochondrial damage, its progress and consequences, which can lead to diseases or aggravate their process. It also pays attention to the role of mitochondria during oncogenesis as well as important neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or autosomal dominant optic atrophy. The thesis mentions the role of disrupted mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 Diabetes. In conclusion the thesis mentions the role of mitochondria and their damage in relation to infection by the parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Physical activity education in case of individuals with 2nd type diabetes mellitus
Šlauf, Milan ; Vařeková, Jitka (advisor) ; Daďová, Klára (referee)
Title: Physical activity education in case of individuals with 2nd type diabetes mellitus Objectives: The main objective of the thesis was to demonstrate the positive impact of regular and long-term physical activity education on metabolic parameters and physical fitness on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: For the research were chosen by physician four probands, who underwent survey using a standardized questionnaire IPAQ short version. Further testing was performed using walk physical performance test according to Stejskal, in which the heart rate was monitored with sporttester evaluation and laboratory parameters supplied by the diabetic clinic (blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid spectrum - HDL, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). Production of results was done using statistical data analysis and graphical analysis shown in collaboration with the laboratory of sports motor skills FTVS UK, others the results are displayed in tables. Results: Education of physical activity is important for DM2T especially in the area of increasing physical fitness. In the output test, better results were reached than in the test input. During the three-month exercise intervention were not made significant changes in anthropometric parameters. Also not been reached even positive changes in...
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