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The Verification of the Correctness of Data Entering into the System that Simulates Consequences of Radiation Accident with an Outflow to the Environment
VÁVRA, Martin
The Verification of the Correctness of Data Entering into the System that Simulates Consequences of Radiation Accident with an Outflow to the Environment The thesis is aimed to verify the correctness of the data entering the system that is able to simulated consequences following radiation accident with a release of radiation into the atmosphere. The object of testing the correctness were the data used in the program RTARC, which has been used in the nuclear power plant Temelin, for the case all security barriers fail and radioactive substances get into the environment. This program works with real orographic data that were obtained from existing maps. The aim of this work was to carry out complete analysis of current orographic system that has been used by the program RTARC; to get through alternative methods supplementary or more specific orographic data; to verify the correctness of the orographic data that enter system RTARC; to analyze consequences of possible abnormalities. To verify the correctness of entry data, we used the program Google Earth. The object of my investigation was to examine altitude data within the net with zones, found in sectors determining possible directions of radionuclide spreading through the atmosphere into the environment surrounding the nuclear power plant Temelin. We found that there were differences between altitude data in some zones. To assess the consequences of these found differences, we tested influence of the terrain on the development of the atmospheric turbulent diffusion. The goal of this test was to find out if the program RTARC which uses Gaussian dispersion model is accurate. We found that the program RTARC is applicable for the area ETE and the differences in original data and new data concerning the altitudes are negligible from this point of view. The Thesis will be used as a background for updating orographic data used in RTARC program.
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Nanofiber membranes as carriers of drugs 6.
Bidmonová, Hana ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Vachek, Josef (referee)
Rigorous thesis Nanofiber membranes as carriers of drugs 6. Mgr. Hana Bidmonová ABSTRACT Thesis deals with the evaluation of absorption and the release properties of the nanofibre membranes that were prepared using electrospinning of chitosan solution with the contents of 5 % of a drug and covered with polyurethane layer. Thesis brings a survey about the use of nanofibre membranes in pharmacy and medicine, especially their characteristics and application at drug delivery and distribution and in tissue engineering. The ability of three different membranes to accept and release caffeine as a model drug from their structure was investigated. The caffeine was incorporated into the membranes in company Elmarco, Liberec, or it was impregnated in the membranes using absorption from solutions containing drug. A hypothesis concerned with ability of membranes to accept a part of caffeine by another mechanism than an amount incorporated before electrospinning was confirmed. All of three membranes were immersed in media containing caffeine and they adsorbed the drug in quantity dependent on the sort of liquid medium. At the use of the chloroform dispersions of caffeine, membranes adsorbed more then a mass of membranes themselves. In the set of release experiments of membranes the released amount of caffeine...
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Application of Sequential Monte Carlo Estimation for Early Phase of Radiation Accident
Šmídl, Václav ; Hofman, Radek
The early phase of radiation accident is characterized by minimum number of measured data and high uncertainty in both atmospheric conditions and radiation situation. Our goal is to provide an accurate method of radiation situation assessment that is capable to respect the uncertainty and provide informative predictions of its evolution for the involved decision makers. We propose a state space model based on atmospheric dispersion model, numerical weather model with local corrections and random walk on the model corrections and release evolution. This model is highly nonlinear and is estimated using sequential Monte Carlo. Since the model is significantly more complex that previously considered models and its estimation with naive proposal densities become too computationally demanding. We propose to construct a proposal density using problem specific simplification followed by application of the Laplace approximation. Properties of the resulting estimation procedure are illustrated on a twin experiment.
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Individual marking of small insects and its usage in describing societies and migration of semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) in lentic and lotic habitats of Novohradské Mountains.
VOJÍŘOVÁ, Eva
Experiments based on the method of mark-recapture can be used for estimation of the abundance of natural populations, for monitoring dispersion of groups or individual specimens within a population using group or individual marking. Semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) were marked and recaptured many times in the field during research, individual marking was much less used since marking of small insects is difficult. The aim of this work is to develop a method of individual marking of semiaquatic bugs so that it would meet conditions such as durability, legibility and non affecting health of the marked specimen. Semiaquatic bugs of Aquarius paludum, Gerris lacustris, Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Gerridae) and Velia caprai (Veliidae) species were selected as experimental organisms. Partial aims of this thesis were to try using this method to describe the abundance of the monitored population and to monitor dispersion of the selected species, both at lotic (V. caprai) and lentic habitats (water striders, family Gerridae). A new method of individual marking of semiaquatic bugs was developed on the basis of modifications of the commonly used methods. After a series of tests and in-field research, this method proved to be suitable as it met the essential conditions for marking insects. The abundance of the monitored population was estimated and dispersion of the selected species (V. caprai) in running water was described by using this method. The partial aims of this thesis were met, too. It was confirmed that individuals of the V. caprai species move between the monitored areas along the water course. This inclination to move is greater than tendency to remain in the place of release. The gained data also show conclusively higher rate of movement of V. caprai specimens in the upstream direction, compared to the downstream. The tendency of V. caprai to travel larger distance upstream than downstream, is significant too. No statistically relevant difference in either direction of the water course (up or down) in the surpassed altitude difference was confirmed. The differences in the monitored phenomena between the sexes and generations were compared as well. The differences, however, were not significant. A movement of the adults of the water cricket Velia caprai thus can be characterized as an upstream migration, common in insects of lotic habtitats. A part of the study taking place in still waters showed, that G. lacustris specimens move on the surface of the pond, but not to a larger degree than they remain in place. On the other hand, A. paludum specimens were proved to move away from the place of release rather than remaining in that place. These also overcome greater distance than G. lacustris specimens.
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The size and surface charge of oligoester nanoparticles in the course of their fabrication
Bolek, David ; Dittrich, Milan (advisor) ; Šnejdrová, Eva (referee)
1 Summary In the thesis are in details described various methods of pharmaceutical nanoparticles preparation, their surface properties and incorporated drug release. Some relevant data concerning prospective use of nanosystems in pharmacotherapy are presented. The main orientation of the thesis is towards experimental laboratory working. Experiments are supported by the use of Nanosizer and Zetasizer device. Nanoparticles with the size under 200 nm from various oligoesters with the linear and branched constitution of carrier molecules were fabricated. The aim of the thesis was focused on stability of size and surface charge parameters during their storage under different thermal conditions and under static and dynamic state of hydrophilic external phase after preparation process. Liquid systems containing freshly prepared nanoparticles were spray dried with the mannitol used as additive. The processes including range of stress factors, such as mannitol as osmotic agent dissolution, spray drying operation, and nanoparticles contained in microparticles in aqueous medium dispersion were evaluated from the point of view of size and zeta potential parameters. It was concluded from the experimental results that method based on spray drying of nanoparticular systems and incorporation of nanoparticles into the...
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Asimilace časoprostorového rozložení radionuklidů v časné fázi radiační nehody
Hofman, Radek ; Šmídl, Václav
Exploitation of the data assimilation methodology in the early phase of radiation accident is studied. When radioactive pollutants are released into the atmosphere, a radioactive plume is passing over the terrain. The released radioactive material causes pathway-specific irradiation which has detrimental effects on population health. In order to ensure efficiency of introduced countermeasures, it is necessary to predict spatial and temporal distribution of the aerial pollution and material already deposited on the ground. The predictions are made by the means of a numerical dispersion model with many inputs. Output of such a model is a prediction of radiation situation given in terms of radiological quantities. Exact values of the inputs are uncertain due to the stochastic nature of the dispersion, lack of accurate information, etc. Their subjective choice can introduce significant errors into the predictions and thus decrease the positive impact of the countermeasures.
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Comparison of Outputs from the Software ALOHA and TerEx in Dispersion Modelling of Selected Hazardous Substances
HENDRYCH, Adam
In the context of an increasing production of industrial toxic substances (TIC; Toxic Industrial Compound), the risk of accidental release of hazardous substances is growing in spite of the gradual implementation of safer technological processes and safety improvement measures. To mitigate the consequences of chemical accidents or to prepare preventive protective measures before the accident, it is necessary to know or at least estimate the course of accidents. In particular, it applies to the range of traumatic events and fatal accidents. One of the tools that can express the impact of accidents is modelling programs. This diploma thesis presents a comparison of outputs from two special types of software ? a foreign program the ALOHA and the TerEx developed in the Czech Republic. The purpose of the thesis was to indicate theoretical aspects related to gaseous toxic substances diffusion in the ground atmospheric layer and to describe modelling of their ill effects range. To achieve this objective, scientific literature and consultation with experts were used. The practical section of the thesis aimed at determining to what extent the results of both programs differ when initial conditions were identical. To achieve this goal, the intercomparison of outputs (e.g. hurtful concentration range) of the two programs that provided results for the same input data sets (type and quantity of hazardous substances, environmental temperature, wind speed, degree of cloud cover, weather stability class, type of ground surface) was used. After the assessment of the comparison it is possible to generalize the results stating that the software ALOHA compared to the TerEx is more conservative, which means that the ALOHA software provides longer anticipated ranges of danger. Therefore, it depends on the user (the person responsible ? crisis manager, intervention commander, mayor of the village), which approach they select or recommend ? to prepare a greater or a smaller area for a possible accident (to ensure public awareness, to implement technical measures to mitigate the impact of that accident, to assess the amount of financial resources, etc.). As a subsequent step it would be appropriate to verify the theoretical results experimentally, by field testing, which would be conducted under the same meteorological conditions under which the modelling was made by the mentioned programs. This would thus confirm the legitimacy of the special software use for the purpose of estimating the range of negative effects of chemical accidents.
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Evaluation of Selected Software Tools for Modeling the Leakage of Hazardous Substances in Accidents in the Chemical Industry
Hrušková, Veronika ; Martincová, Jana Victoria (referee) ; Adamec, Vladimír (advisor)
The thesis is aimed at the modeling of releases of hazardous substances to the designated software tools. The work consists of three parts. The first part is theoretical, which deals with hazardous substances and their legislation, accidents in industry, physical models of leakage and dispersion of hazardous substances and factors influencing their spread in the air and finally software tools. The second part, experimental, describes some software tools and their subsequent modeling. The third part is devoted to the results of modeling and analysis of selected software tools. The aim of the thesis is to analyze selected software tools for modeling the release of hazardous substances, to compare their explanatory power and potential use.
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The first record of the black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) in the Třeboň district, Czech Republic
Hartvich, P. ; Lusk, Stanislav
In the Czech Republic, the occurrence of the Black bullhead, Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque, 1820) was recorded for the first time. The species occurs in some of the fishponds in the environs of Lomnice nad Lužnicí, southern Bohemia. The species was introduced unintentionally as an admixture to carp stocking material from Croatia in 2003. In the autumn of 2005, the occurrence was observed of adults as well as yearling fry, indicating that natural reproduction had taken place in some of the ponds. The water from the fishpond system is released into the Lužnice River so that there is a possibility of the species spreading over natural habitats of the river mentioned. The occurrence of this species in the fishponds in southern Bohemia tends to confirm the fact that transports of stocking fish, above all, carp but other species as well, present a real risk of unintentional introductions of non-native species and an important way of their subsequent dispersal.
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Preparation of Magnesium Silicide from Recycled Materials for Energy Storage.
Bumba, Jakub ; Dytrych, Pavel ; Šolcová, Olga ; Koštejn, Martin ; Fajgar, Radek ; Maléterová, Ywetta ; Kaštánek, František
Recycling technologies help to save energy, materials and environment. This is the main reason of their popularity. The recovery of semiconductors and metals depends on recycling treatment. A new multi-step technology, which enables to obtain pure silicon and hydrogen from waste materials,is reported in this study. The only by-product is magnesium phosphate, which is a desired fertilizer. Magnesium silicide was successfully prepared from milled silicon photovoltaic (PV) panels and milled Mg obtained from the scrap. The formed magnesium silicide was then hydrolysed by phosphoric acid to form a mixture of silanes. Gaseous products (silanes) were separated by cooling below their boiling temperature by liquid nitrogen and then thermally decomposed by a hot wire, e.g. Pt.This treatment leads to pure silicon and hydrogen release. In this study a deep-in characterization by various methods spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X- Ray spectroscopy (EDX), etc.) of prepared samples was also done to explain the individual influences, e.g. reaction temperature and atmosphere.
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