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The Role of Offshore Companies in Public Procurement in the EU
Do, Thao Trang ; Palanský, Miroslav (advisor) ; Kraicová, Lucie (referee)
Corporate income taxation constitutes a significant share of government revenue on which public expenditure depends heavily, and when multinational enterprises (MNEs) engage in abusive tax practices it adds to the average taxpayer's burden. Additionally, when awarding public contracts to companies connected to notorious havens the efficiency of public spending cannot be ensured. Using data on ownership structures of government suppliers, this paper employs the gravity theory and aims to recognise tax havens' activity on the EU's public procurement market. The gravity model identifies territories with up to 99% unexplained flows of their total procurement supply. In these countries increased risk of abuse is expected and outflow of taxable revenue can be assumed. It is estimated that companies based in or linked to tax havens annually supply about EUR 67 billion worth of EU's public contracts above the natural levels predicted by the gravity model based on economic and geographical determinants.
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Gravity Model Estimation of the Russian Export: The Role of FDI
Horváthová, Monika ; Svoboda, Karel (advisor) ; Vykoukal, Jiří (referee) ; Cibulková, Petra (referee)
The main objective of this thesis was to examine the determinants of Russian export directed to its 36 main trading partners. Employing the Gravity model, the standard gravity variables, such as economic masses of the trading partners and their distance, were estimated as having significant impacts on the volume of export from Russia. However, a special attention was paid to the role of FDI, studying whether FDI flows or FDI stock act as complements or substitutes of the export. Unfortunately, with the help of the Fixed-effects and the Random-effects estimation methods we came to statistically insignificant conclusions, which might have been caused by the prevalence of missing observations in the FDI variables.
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GRAVITY MODELS AND THEIR USE IN THE STUDY OF THE SPACE ORGANIZATION IN AIR TRANSPORT
HAMROVÁ, Marika
The bachelor thesis deals with spatial interactions performed by air transport. These spatial interactions can be defined as core regions, often visited, regions and peripheral, less visited regions, depending on the season and distance from the aerodrome being monitored. The bachelor thesis deals with the comparison of real transport connections, realized by air transport, and calculations obtained using gravitational models. Gravity models can determine the strength of interactions between two different points, the variables given may vary. For example, the city's GDP, the number of checked-in passengers, the number of flights made from the airport, the population of the city ... In this case was used as a variable the number of checked-in passengers per year and the distance between two airports. The main centers were selected by the cities of Nice and Bratislava for their specific location and functionality. The first theoretical part deals with air transport and its relation to spatial mobility. The second part of the thesis follows the strongest interaction of air corridors from the cities of Nice and Bratislava, comparing the two mentioned methods. The second part also includes maps showing the analyzed data. The data that was used for this work was obtained on the website of the airline server http://www.flightstats.com/ and http://www.mapy.cz/.
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Gravity model and efficiency of trade between China and EU countries: Visegrad group, Germany, Austria
Papoušek, Radan ; Benáček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Janský, Petr (referee)
Bibliographic note Papoušek Radan. Gravity model and efficiency of trade between China and EU countries: Visegrad group, Germany, Austria. Praha 2017. 87 p. Master's thesis (Mgr.) Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Eco- nomic Studies. Supervisor: doc. Ing. Vladimír Benáček CSc. Character count: 115 210 Abstract The thesis analyzes bilateral trade between China and Visegrad group (V4), Austria, and Germany. I use panel data of 23 countries across 1995-2015 to esti- mate gravity model. I compare the countries among themselves (time-series view) and analyze the development of the crucial variables employed in the model (cross- sectional view). Further, I estimate efficiency scores based on stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Connecting the findings from all three perspectives provides com- prehensive picture of the trade relations of the given countries with China. The thesis reveals that accession to EU was beneficial for trade between V4 and China. Global value chains (GVCs) also help to intensify the trade exchange between the European countries and China. I find that Austria and Germany exhibit higher effi- ciency scores for their exports mainly due to better positions in global value chains. V4's trade balance with China is very sensitive to the decisions of the international...
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Efficiency of export financing in the world
Czakojová, Kristýna ; Vozková, Karolína (advisor) ; Palanský, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with efficiency of export financing in the Czech Republic and in the world. Three basic institutional forms of export credit agencies are analyzed in the thesis. Each of the countries represents one particular institutional form, specifically the Czech Republic (bank and insurance company), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (only insurance company) and the United States of America (eximbank). The research is done in the data over the years 2005-2015. We use the gravity model of international trade in the study. It was found by employing empirical analysis that the most effective export credit agency is the dual system of export promotion in the Czech Republic. In addition, a positive effect of GDP on export was detected. Moreover, distance has a negative influence on export except for one estimate. Both of these findings were expected to be identified within the gravity model. 1
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Comparative Analysis of Determinants of Trade in Services: Cases of Ireland and United Kingdom
Saktor, Ira ; Benáček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Paulus, Michal (referee)
This thesis aims to estimate determinants of Services Export from Ireland and United Kingdom. The main contribution of the research lies in the multiple aggregations and categories at which the determinants are examined. Also, this thesis is up to date, to the best knowledge of the author, one of the most exhaustive and deep studies applying gravity model of trade to the exports of services. The core of this thesis consists of the evaluation of determinants for Travel and Business Travel for both, Ireland and United Kingdom; and subsequent analysis of the differences. Furthermore, other categories are discussed. Gravity Model with additional explanatory variables is estimated using the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimator and robust inference is based on large sample properties. We find that the impact of distance largely depends on category for which the model is estimated. Moreover, we have found substantial impact of both trading partners' GDP and perhaps surprisingly, relatively large and statistically significant impact of common legal origins, regardless of category and aggregation. On the other hand, we have found no evidence of significant impact of trade agreements. JEL Classification F01, F14, C23, C52 Keywords International trade; Determining factors of decision making of...
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Observing Globalization using the Gravity Model of Trade
Dobiáš, Adam ; Paulus, Michal (advisor) ; Benáček, Vladimír (referee)
This thesis investigates application of the gravity model of international trade on measuring a distance coefficient, which is known to be a proxy to globalization. This estimation is performed on a dataset containing information on EU 27 countries through the years 1996 to 2014. The presence of 10 post- communist countries enabled the author to perform the estimation on transformative economies, which had been isolated from their western trade partners for over 40 years. The division of the dataset into the Western and Eastern Blocs enabled measurement of convergence of the intra-blocs trade - the second goal of this thesis. This measurement was done through newly introduced intra-blocs trade variables that enabled measurements of both directions of trade. Through the application of this model on 10 sections, these measurements could be performed on single trade components. The analysis shows a substantial heterogeneity between single sections both in distance coefficient and inter-blocs trade. An increase in the level of globalization was observed in 9 out of 10 sections and convergence of some sections between the blocs was also found. Finally, globalization was found to progress with varying speed within single SITC sections during periods of economic crises. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Various Estimation Techniques of the Gravity Model of Trade
Davidová, Lucie ; Benáček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Havránek, Tomáš (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with alternative estimation possibilities of the gravity model in trade. We provide the reader with a synthetic methodological overview of the technical problems with the estimation of gravity equations. Consequently, we test for the heterogeneity of data sets used in gravity models of trade which leads us to a conclusion that behavioural patterns of exporters and importers built in the datasets are very complicated and a single generalized specification of gravity equation can lead to bias in estimates and/or to similarly generalized conclusions that hide important robust idiosyncrasies in behavior present in some subsamples of economic agents. Both the theory of estimation techniques and dataset heterogeneity are applied in the empirical part estimating Austria's export function.
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Analysis of factors influencing export of Czech republic and Germany
Urban, Michal ; Bobková, Božena (advisor) ; Čech, František (referee)
In this thesis, we analyzed the determinants of export in the Czech Republic and Germany. For this purpose, we used panel data from the years 1995-2013. To estimate our model we followed the literature applying Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood method and the traditional method of ordinary least squares with logarithmic transformation. We have verified basic assumptions of the gravity model that the most important determinants affecting foreign trade between countries are their GDPs and the distance between them. Some institutional variables and membership of countries in the euro area were found to have also the impact on export. We failed to confirm the influence of countries openness and their trade barriers. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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