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Nitric oxide as a pathophysiological factor in some disorders of the central nervous systém.
Bartošková, Iva ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Hochmann, Jiří (referee)
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important signaling molecules involved in different of cellular events. The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NO is nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Three NOS isoforms was described. Two of them ones are constitutive and functionally depend on the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin (nNOS and eNOS), iNOS activity is independent of the concentration of calcium. NO plays a key role in the brain morphogenesis. It can regulate a synaptic plasticity, firing of neurons, and the modulation of release of other neurotransmitters and hormons. The release of NO causes the local vasodilatation. NO can iniciate, under certain conditions, the neurotoxic cascade. It plays, e.g., a role in neurodegenerative diseases, but can play a neuroprotective role as well. NO is one of the pain mediators. NO is partipicant in many important diseases such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and migraine. Migraine is defined as a disorder marked by pulsating headaches which persist usually for 4-72 hours and are mostly accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Patients with headache are very frequent patients of practitioner as well as of the neurologists.
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Failure of government regulations on housing markets in the U.S..
Brečka, Peter ; Chytil, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Jaklín, Jiří (referee)
In my thesis I want to focus on the mortgage crisis in the U.S. and the reasons for its formation. I will turn my attention to Fed policy. I will examine the consequences of policy practiced by the Fed - whether it was a "boom" in the housing market and subsequent crisis in the financial markets. Also, I will pay companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which have a share in the current state of the mortgage market. I will try to compare the bubble in mortgage markets in the U.S. and compare with the bubble in selected European countries. The analysis will be based primarily on a comparison of growth in house prices in recent years before the crisis. That growth, I will compare with interest rate and try to get a result on how much was overdeveloped growth of house prices and how big bubble could develop in the market. Finally, my work should be a summary of the main factors that triggered this crisis.
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Abuse of Dominant Position in the European Law
Francová, Jana ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Růžička, Květoslav (referee)
127 Summary The competition policy can be regarded as one of the important areas of the international trade enhancing effectivity of the elimination of trade barries. In the absence of binding rules on competition at the global stage, the prevention of anti- competitive behavior plays a key role within the regional trading blocks. The thesis deals with one of the pillars of the competition law - rules on the abuse of dominant position - in the most integrated of those regional trading blocks -in the European Communities. The EC Treaty contains provision on the abuse of dominant position in Article 82 that prohibits undertakings from committing an abuse of dominant position held within a substantial part of the common market where that abuse has an effect on trade between Member States. It does not prevent undertakings from being in a dominant position but from engaging in the the anticompetitive behavior which weakens the already weak competitive structure of the market. The thesis occupies itself with the main features of legal regulation of the abuse of dominant position in the EC law as set in Article 82 with special respect to the decisions of relevant competitive authorities. It is divided into three parts - introduction, regulation of abuse and conclusion. The introduction explains the role of...
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Legal regulation of book-keeping of entrepreneurs
Puklová, Alena ; Zahradníčková, Marie (advisor) ; Horáček, Tomáš (referee)
Původní idea právní úpravy účetnictví směřovala především ke sjednocení účetních postupů využívaných účetními jednotkami za účelem dosažení maximální efektivnosti při účtování, pravdivého zobrazení skutečností a srovnatelnosti. Později začaly být účetní předpisy využívány panovníky s cílem získat přehled o možných zdrojích pro příjmy státní pokladny. Vývoj účetních postupů a následně právních předpisů upravujících účetnictví probíhal po staletí na jednotlivých kontinentech i ve státních útvarech na nich se nacházejících relativně odděleně. Vyvinuly se tak svébytné účetní systémy, vystavěné na různých ideových základech. Tento stav se stal problematickým zejména ve 20. století, kdy spolu se vznikem nadnárodních koncernů bylo nutno získávat od účastníků údaje umožňující mezinárodní srovnání. Vznikla potřeba stanovit jednotný účetní systém použitelný celosvětově. Vývoj jednoznačně směřuje k prosazení Mezinárodních účetních standardů IAS/IFRS pro použitelnost v celosvětovém měřítku. V současné době jsou již účetní jednotky z téměř všech vyspělých zemí severní polokoule, jejichž emitované cenné papíry jsou obchodovány na veřejných trzích, povinny sestavovat své účetní závěrky v souladu s IAS/IFRS. Současně však tyto účetní jednotky mnohdy podléhají i národním účetním předpisů platným v místě svého sídla. Jsou...
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The unaccompanied minor in the Czech Republic
Malíková, Jindřiška ; Poláčková, Věra (advisor) ; Lorenzová, Jitka (referee)
The aim of this work is to explore, in the widest possible scope, the situation of foreigner children unaccompanied by their statutory representatives in the Czech Republic. The work deals with the most important legal regulations governing the situation of foreigner children, particularly focusing on social and legal protection of children and problems related to institutional education and its impact on the life of clients in the Czech Republic. One of the most important topics covered is multicultural education, i.e. the education of clients, their integration into school classes and the preparation of Czech children for cohabiting with foreigners. The work further describes various forms of residence that may be acquired by foreigners in the Czech Republic, indicating special procedures that can be adopted in the proceedings dealing with foreigner children. Part of the work is dedicated to institutions involved in working with clients, particularly the Facility for Children of Foreign Nationals. The work also presents real cases showing the problems faced by foreigner children unaccompanied by their statutory representatives.
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Industrial property protection and international law
Hradečný, Michael ; Dobřichovský, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pítra, Vladimír (referee)
83 VIII. RESUMÉ International Protection of Industrial Rights Intellectual property is a dynamic area of law, flowering especially in the age of information society. Thanks to new technologies and mainly due to the use of Internet the local markets are becoming global. As intellectual property becomes more interconnected with other fields of law its importance keeps rising and so does the role of international regulation. Particular industry rights protection may be relied upon only when protected in all the countries of potential exploitation. International agreements relevant for this area of law are analysed in this work and emphasis is put on their main functions, which is the overcoming of the principle of territorial limitation and the guarantee of protection of the rights attained in one state by other states. The goal of my thesis is to provide an insight on the problematic of international regulation of intellectual property, analyse it from the legal point of view and reflect its significance in the light of actual social context. In order to fulfil this goal I have chosen to use the following methods: literature analysis, statistical analysis, comparative analysis and secondary analysis. Despite the role of industrial right played in the recent times they seem to be subject to rather marginal...
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The lease agreement
Malohlavová, Šárka ; Spirit, Michal (advisor) ; Žák, Květoslav (referee)
The bachelor thesis is concerned with problems of the lease agreement according to the Czech legal regulations. Although this type of agreement is largely used, its content often labours with mistakes which can lead to inconveniences eventually to law suits. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to provide sufficient information quantity for the creation this type of contract and especially to understand its content. Introductory part of the work focuses on a basic description of the flat rent, legal form, various types of the flats and the ways of creation the lease. The main part of this thesis is devoted to the terms of the contract including the regulated rent and open-market rent comparison. Finally, the thesis is supplemented by a display of the lease agreement created on that of the practical example and the others types of the occupational lease which we can come in contact with.
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Modulation of the ankyrin TRPA1 receptor by divalent cations
Hynková, Anna ; Hudeček, Jiří (advisor) ; Hodek, Petr (referee)
TRPA1 is the only mammalian member of the ankyrin type subfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. This channel is widely expressed in many cell types and tissues, including sensory neurones, heart, brain, and lung, where it detects stimuli of different sensory modalities, including a broad spectrum of potentially harmful irritants and pungent compounds, such as isothiocyanates, thiosulfinates, acrolein, cinnamaldehyde derivatives, eugenol, nicotine, as well as multiple products of oxidative stress. In addition to these chemicals, TRPA1 channel can be also activated and, concurrently, inhibited by intracellular calcium, however, the exact mechanisms of this regulation are still unclear. TRPA1 is a nonselective cation channel, permeable for calcium ions, however, relative scattered data on TRPA1 channel selectivity provide divergent estimates ranging from 0,84 to 7,9; in addition, these values strongly depend on the activation mode of the channel. It appears that the extent to which calcium ions dynamically modulate TRPA1 depends on the total amount of cations permeating the ion channel pore. This diploma thesis contributes to the understanding of this topic by (i) investigating the effects of extracellular calcium ions on chemically and voltage- induced activity of human TRPA1...
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The electrostimulation the spermiation in the crayfish
KUBEC, Jan
The crayfish are important and indispensable animals in aquaculture. In the aquatic environment, they have a role as predators, food for other fish, detrivors and they are an important element in the circulation of the energy and the nutrient in the aquatic ecosystem. Today, number of the european crayfish species populations is decreasing. It is caused by unfavourable regulation of streams, water pollution and the occurence of crayfish plague. The main purpose of present study was examining the impact of electrostimulation on the males of the crayfish and obtaining sex products (the sperm). The principle of this research was determining whether the male of crayfish are able to extrude spermatophore with sperm by an electric stimulus. The transformer was used as resource alternating current in experiments. All experiments conducted in a laboratory of experimental device for fish farming in Vodňany. Experiments were conducted in 2011 on a male of the spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus), the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The results of this work and success of the experiments suggest, that electrostimulation could be used for obtaining sex products (the sperm) from crayfish males. Results from a laboratory of electron microscopy confirm the harmlessness of electrostimulation on the shape and structure of sperm. The sperm can be used to artifical insemination of the crayfish eggs in future. However, sperm capacitation is problematic.
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Differentiation of yeast colonies and development of new approaches to monitor oxygen and nutrient availability
Vopálenská, Irena ; Janderová, Blanka (advisor) ; Demnerová, Kateřina (referee) ; Pichová, Iva (referee)
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an unicellular organism is one of the best-studied experimental organisms. It is an important model organism for the study of intracellular processes of eukaryotic cells. Yeasts are also social organisms with cell-to-cell communication able to form organized multicellular structures (colonies and biofilms). Yeast and other microorganisms in nature prefer to form colonies on solid substrates rather than to grow as "planktonic" single cells (Palková, 2004; Wimpenny, 2009). The yeast S. cerevisiae typically forms colonies, biofilms were described only rarely. Yeast colonies exhibit an organized morphological pattern characteristic of each particular yeast strain (Kocková-Kratochvílová, 1982). This work is focusing on morphology and differentiation of the S. cerevisiae colonies of common laboratory strains forming less structured colonies, and strains of the Σ1278b genetic background forming highly structured "fluffy" colonies. It shows that polarized budding pattern and especially cell ability to form aggregates enable development of structured morphology. During development of "fluffy" colonies two differently regulated events of dimorphic switch from yeast form to filamentous growth occur. One of these events is dependent on the surface glycoprotein, Flo11p flocculin. This...
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