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Securities and their characteristics; types and social positions. Legislation under the Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll.
Senchuk, Rostyslav ; Kadlecová, Eva (advisor) ; Hájková, Ivana (referee)
The bachelor´s thesis deals with an analysis and consequent comparison of the current legislation on securities and securities trading (Act No. 89/2012 Coll. and Act No. 90/2012 Coll.) against the legislation applicable prior to recodification as stipulated by the former Securities Act (Act No. 591/1992 Coll.).
In the first, analytical part, the thesis introduces the issue at hand, explains the relevant terms and definitions, provides a view of the money and capital market, and defines securities, their forms and social applications.
The second part includes practical research, comparison, and consequent evaluation of positive and negative aspects of the amended legislation. The comparison evaluation is also supported by a satisfaction survey carried out in the form of questionnaires among respondents directly affected by the amended legislation. Also, the author devotes a part of the thesis to a comparison of contracts for the transfer of securities before and after the recodification.
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Využití cloudu pro ukládání dat
Vocetka, Tomáš ; Vasilenko, Alexandr (advisor)
Bakalářská práce se zabývá využitím webových úložišť. V první teoretické části je popsán vývoj, využití, funkce a použité technologie úložišť. Druhá část je založena na srovnání vybraných serverů. Závěrem autor doporučí nejvhodnější internetové úložiště pro různý typ souborů.
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Utilization of Open Data
Ferdan, Ondřej ; Jarolímek, Jan (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
Main goal of this diploma thesis is characterization of open data, standards and analyzation of adoption and utilization of open principles in the public sector of the Czech Republic. And comparison with European Union and chosen countries. Identifies technology and tools for linked data, used for deployment of highest rating of data openness. Defines geographical data, its standards and INSPIRE directive for spatial information in Europe. The goal of practical part of thesis is to analyze adoption of open principles for geographical data between Czech institutions. Focusing on what data are available, if open principles are applied and on what circumstances are data available. Foreign countries are also covered for the comparison.
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Construction and scientific implementation of mathematical models for tree compartments of broadleaved trees in growth stages of seedlings and young stand
Pajtík, Jozef ; Konopka, Bohdan (advisor) ; Monika, Monika (referee)
Importance of precise estimation for tree biomass in forests has been continuously increasing. Regarding to the climate change, scientists have started to quantify all tree components not only in terms of energetic utilization but also for carbon stock estimation. Increasing relevance of biomass models for young trees relates to expanding area of young forest stands during the last period due to decay of old forests often caused by disturbances (especially: windstorms, outbreaks of bark beetles, drought episodes, and forest fires). Models for biomass stock estimations constructed for stands with age to 10 years are rare and usually are focused on aboveground tree parts. Thus, this work aims at filling knowledge gaps in this field. Its main objectives are:
1) construction of regression models applicable for estimation of dry mass in the particular tree components (i.e. stem, branches, foliage, roots) for young stands of some broadleaved species,
2) implementation of regression models for calculation of biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEF), allocation coefficient, growth efficiency and leaf area index (LAI) and their inter-specific comparison,
3) utilisation of allometric relations for estimation on forage potential for ruminating ungulate game (i.e. browsing and stripping).
To make up the models, destructive tree sampling will be implemented. The sample trees will be excavated, separated into tree components, dried for constant weight and weighed. Log-transformed relationships will be used for construction of regression models.
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Biotransfer of selected risk metals into plants and their accumulation and distribution in plant organs
Le Minh, Phuong ; Lachman, Jaromír (advisor)
Contamination of soils with heavy metals is one of the serious environmental problems threatening human being. Heavy metals are considered as the special hazard of soil pollutants because of the adverse effects on the plant growth, the amount, activity of useful microorganisms in soils and the quality of food. Regard to the persistent and toxicity, the heavy metals are toxic when we consider different kinds of pollutants in soils. In the soil, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) toxicities frequently occur than the other metals because of their precipitation and sorption by the soil. It is a very dangerous situation because when these metals are taken up by plants, they can be transported to the food web and food chains.
In the present study, the accumulation of four heavy metals (mercury, zinc, lead and cadmium) in the whole grain of spring accessions of emmer, einkorn and common spring wheat cultivars and potato (Solanum tuberosum) is reported. Heavy and essential elements were monitored in potato cultivars in the exact field experiments and in hydroponically grown plants. The elements were determined by methods FAAS, ET AAS, and AMA (Advance Mercury Analysis). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 9.0 with the Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test (alpha equal to 0.05).
In our study, the concentration of heavy metals decreased in the order zinc (Zn) > lead (Pb) > cadmium (Cd) > mercury (Hg) in the wheat grain. The comparison between three varieties of investigated wheat revealed that the emmer wheat was rich in zinc content (62.12 mg kg-1 dry matter), while the spring wheat had the lowest average concentration of zinc in the grain (40.99 mg kg-1 dry matter). Generally, the values of lead concentration in grain wheat varieties were low (ranging from 0.1268 mg kg-1 dry matter to 0.2950 mg kg-1 dry matter).
The concentrations of mercury in four typical growth stages of wheat (boot stage 10, heading stage 10.2 1/4 of head emerged, leaf-stage 10.2 and stage ripening 11 according to Feekes) were also determined. It has been shown that the concentrations of mercury in different wheat varieties were absorbed differently at different growth stages of plant. Stage 10.2 and leaf stage 10.2 showed the high mercury content (0.0152 mg kg-1 dry matter and 0.0214 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively). Among individual varieties significant differences were determined.
Amounts of toxic and potentially toxic elements detected in investigated potato tubers are characterized by a large variability within investigated groups. Performing statistical analysis (one way ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between two investigated groups of samples (samples from Uhříněves and Valečov in the year 2013 and 2014) considering either one of investigated metals. Measurable levels of mercury were found in smallest amounts in all investigated potato samples comparing to other metals (Cd, Pb).
Plant cells compared to animal cells are characterized by the formation of cell walls. Plasma membrane or cell membrane is a biological active membrane separating the interior of cell from the outside environment. An adjusted method for isolation of protoplasts was developed and adapted for isolation of protoplasts from plant material (potatoes). In our experiment, the plants were grown hydroponically in the Research Institute of Plant Crops Prague-Ruzyně. If we examine the plant membrane, one option is to remove the cell wall by means of special mixture enzymes. Protoplasts were released in the dark at 25 degrees of Celsius for 18 hours. The 70 and 90 microns sieve was used to filter and then centrifugation for 5 minutes at 100 x g. All the steps were carefully carried out to prevent the damage or breakage of protoplasts.
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Mophological and molecular diversity of a tropical tree species Guazuma crinita in the Peruvian Amazon
Tuisima Coral, Lady Laura ; Lojka, Bohdan (advisor) ; Helena, Helena (referee)
Fast growing tree species Guazuma crinita (Malvaceae) was selected as a priority species for domestication in the Peruvian Amazon due its important contribution to the livelihood of local farmers. Its domestication process is still in an early age as for many tropical tree species little is known about its genetic variability and we dont know anything about the impact of domestication on its genetic resources. The main objective of this research was to assess the genetic variability of G. crinita within and among populations in the Peruvian Amazon by the use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular (ISSR and AFLP) markers.
Wood physical properties among six G. crinita provenances were evaluated. Wood samples were drilled from the base middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-years-old trees for determination of wood measurement. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. All wood physical properties except green density differed significantly among provenances. We also found statistically significant variation due to stem level position. The moderately dense wood and the coefficient of anisotropy (1.6) suggested that G. crinita has stable wood; they represent important advantages in terms of costs for transport and transformation process. The results suggested potential to select provenances with desirable wood properties for further breeding and domestication. Due to the variation found even in limited tree samples it is recommended further analysis with more extensive number of samples from different provenances and planting zones.
This research presents the first assessment of genetic variability based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 44 G. crinita genotypes from a clonal garden multiplication established in the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) in Ucayali region. Ten ISSR primers amplified a total of 65 bands of which 61 were polymorphic (93.8%). The range of DNA amplification varied from 260 to 2200 bp. Among the provenances overall genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.03 indicating 97% of genetic diversity within provenances. Gene flow (Nm) was 12.9 alleles per generation. Cluster analysis was not related with geographic origin suggesting a common gene pool which was supported by calculation of weak positive correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance.
With the use of AFLP markers an insight on how domestication process does impact G. crinita genetic resources is also reported on this research work. I was able to generate fingerprint for 58 leaf samples representing eight provenances and three population types, 19 from a natural regenerated population 15 cultivated in home garden nursery and 24 from a collection of genotypes considered as semi-domesticated population. Seven selective AFLP primer combinations were used. A total of 171 fragments were amplified with 99.42% of polymorphism at species level. Each type of population generated fragments with 72.51% 49.12% and 54.39% of polymorphic fragments respectively. Neis genetic diversity and Shannon index information were found to be higher in the population of natural regeneration compared to overall semi-domesticated population (He = 0.10 and 0.9; I = 0.19 and 0.16 respectively). The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed higher variation within provenances rather than among (84% and 4% respectively). UPGMA clusters analysis and PCoA did not showed correspondence between genetic and geographic distance in addition their correlation was not significant. There was a significant genetic differentiation among types of population suggesting slight genetic bottleneck in semi-domesticated populations yet with relatively high levels of genetic variation.
In situ conservation for populations with high levels of genetic diversity was recommended. In addition proper management of natural regeneration and ex situ genotype collections might be a good conservation strategy to maintain G. crinita genetic resources.
The use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular markers were successful to reveal genetic variability of G. crinita and they could be used for other tropical tree species. For further researches it is emphasis to extent the number of samples and geographic scale.
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Risk elements contamination in Kutná Hora region and possibilities of its usage in paleoenvironmental research
Horák, Jan ; Hejcman, Michal (advisor) ; Jaromír, Jaromír (referee)
The dissertation focuses on topic of using risk elements contamination as a stratigraphic marker in palaeoenvironmental research. The contamination is not studied only as itself, but is viewed as a way to analyse and interpret the sedimentary record of historical events. The contamination carries the information about its original place, its original activity, about development of the landscape.
The Kutná Hora region (central Bohemia; 49°57'0.170"N, 15°15'59.877"E) is a region of important historic mining and smelting activity. The mining started in 13th century and lasted until half of 16th century. Then only sporadic attempts of renewal were made. Spatially limited mining was renewed in second half of the 20th century. Therefore, it is highly probable to find here the contaminants in the role of stratigraphic markers. In the research were used mainly As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, V and Zn as these are the most analysed in contamination studies performed in the region.
The aims of the dissertation were to answer these questions:
To characterize the contamination
- Are some risk elements typical for the contamination originating from the mining and smelting?
- If so, is their environmental (spatial, sedimentary) manifestation diversified?
- Is possible diversity spatially related to particular landscape features or areas?
- Is possible diversity connected to particular activities?
To use the answers in analysis of particular sites
- Is it possible to use the risk elements contamination as stratigraphic marker in fluvial sediments?
- How is the interpretation of particular site influenced by the whole context of regional contamination?
The core of the research is the metaanalysis of contamination data coming from region (the data obtained by our research and also from other studies). The results have brought not only basic characteristics of contamination, mainly concentrations. The crucial result was the structure of studied elemental complex. Only As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are connected to contamination originating in mining and smelting. Other elements - their concentrations and spatial distributions - are uninfluenced by mining and smelting activities. More, the information about connection of As and Cd to mining and Cu, Pb and Zn to smelting was revealed. Both groups recorded with different spatial distributions. Also comparison of results by different approaches has shown that some statistical processing (clr-transformation) of such dataset was much better for interpretation than analyses of only concentrations values.
We studied also the area of confluence of two rivers - Klejnárka (main river draining contaminated region), which is tributary to Labe (Elbe) river. The contamination is still recognizable here, but the diversity between contamination elements is not. The confluence of rivers strongly dilutes the contaminated material. The concentrations decrease. Also here clr-transformation of data enabled to analyse structures of contaminants spatial distribution unrecognizable by concentrations values.
We performed also two vertical profiles analyses. It was shown, that it is highly risky to interpret data of such origin without the complex information about regional contamination context. It was revealed by contextual interpretation of data from one of the profiles, that there is a mixing of geochemical data coming from different statistical populations. The contamination works there as only one of the factors influencing sedimentary record. The site is therefore suitable for statistical testing of two populations mixing, outliers` detection and the like.
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The effect of housing system on egg shell quality and egg internal quality
Vlčková, Jana ; Tůmová, Eva (advisor) ; Skřivanová, Eva (referee)
In the study 3 experiments were carried out. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate performance of laying hens, quality of air in poultry house, and microbial contamination of the eggshell in laying hens kept under blue, green, red, and yellow light colour in enriched cages. The laying performance characteristics (hen-day egg production, mortality, and egg weight) were not affected by light colour. Similarly, microbial contamination of the air was not significantly different related to the light colour. There were significant interactions in eggshell contamination between cage floor and light colour in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. The highest number of Escherichia coli was detected in eggs from hens housed in the middle floor given yellow light and the lowest values on the upper floor also under yellow light colour. Similar results were observed in Enterococcus. The results of our study indicate that the light colour has a minor effect on microbial contamination but the significant influence was in the floor position. The highest microbial egg contamination was found on eggs from the middle floor.
In the second experiment, the effect of housing system (conventional cage, litter, aviary) and feed calcium content (3,0 and 3,5%) on laying performance characteristics, technological quality of eggs, microbial contamination of the eggshell and egg content during storage was evaluated. The significant interaction between housing system and feed calcium content was found in egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell percentage, eggshell weight, Haugh units and albumen index. The housing system affected egg production, feed intake, egg weight and some characteristics of eggshell quality. From characteristics of eggshell quality the feed calcium content affected only eggshell strength and eggshell percentage. The significant interaction between housing system and storage time was found in contamination of eggshell by total number of microorganisms. The housing system affected also contamination of the eggshell where higher number of Escherichia coli and total number of microorganisms were in eggs from litter. Higher penetration of all monitored species of microorganisms on the eggshell membranes was 2nd and 7th day of storage in the group with 3.5% of calcium in the feed mixture in eggs from the litter. This could be associated with lower quality of eggshell in this type of housing.
In the experiment 3, the effect of different housing system (enriched cage, free range) on technological quality of eggs, microbial contamination of the eggshell, egg content and concentration of protein in albumen during storage was observed. The housing system affected all characteristics of eggshell quality with higher values in cage system. Higher number of pores in eggshell was found in free range. The important relationship between housing system and storage time was indicated in Haugh unit, albumen index, pH albumen and yolk index. The values for characteristics quality of albumen and yolk were better in eggs from cages. Their quality during storage decreased faster in alternative housing systems. There was detected interaction between housing system and storage time also in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and total number of microorganisms. The highest microbial contamination in fresh eggs was found in free range. The number of microorganisms with storage time significantly decreased faster in eggs from cage system. The penetration of Escherichia coli and total number of microorganisms in albumen was lower in eggs from cage compared to free range. The significant effect of housing system was found in concentration of lysozyme in albumen with higher values in egg from free range. It is obvious that a better quality of the eggs is in the cage housing system. The eggs from this type of housing also remain during storage for longer time in better quality compared with alternative housing systems.
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Assessment of Factors Influencing Wear Resistance of Metallic Materials
Cieslar, Jiří ; Brožek, Milan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
This thesis investigates the suitable chemical composition of a iron alloy with improved wear resistance. A unique set of alloys with a specifically designated chemical composition was manufactured for experiments. Their properties in defined abrasive conditions was studied in laboratory conditions. Wear resistance was determined on an experimental bench with bound particles. Material properties description was always complemented with information gained during material metallographic structure investigations. All the results were compared with results achieved for commercially available weld deposition materials (specifically designated for abrasion conditions). These (weld deposition) materials were subjected to an identical set of laboratory experiments and additionally to a set of experiments under inservice conditions.
This thesis offers new knowledge about the relationship between material hardness, material structure and wear resistance. The outlined results also give evidence about the correlation between results gained under laboratory conditions and those gained under in-service conditions (in relation to material structure and hardness).
At the end of the thesis the knowledge gained from these experiments is applied to a specific application the service life extension of plough blade segments. On this basis a new material is designed which will extend service life without additional demands on the costs, and the approach to the renovation of worn plough blade segments is justified.
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The role of immune cells in tumor growth and spontaneous regression in a rat sarcoma model
Kovalská, Jana ; Chmelíková, Eva (advisor) ; Anna, Anna (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to study differences between sexes of rats in tumour growth, the difference in immune response between rats with progressing and spontaneously regressing tumours compared to control rats and verification of immunological memory. We used Lewis rat model with subcutaneously inoculated sarcoma. Peripheral blood of males showed a higher number of red blood cells, a higher concentration of haemoglobin and higher haematocrit compared to females. Experimental females with inoculated sarcoma had higher levels of CD161 (NK) cells at the beginning of experiment in comparison with the experimental and control males and control females. A strong infiltration of NK cells was observed in tissue sections of spontaneously regressing sarcoma compared to progressing tumours tissue. Important factors that can influence if the animal will show tumour progression or spontaneous regression are neutrophil granulocytes (they can induce both tumour-supporting and anti-tumour response), vascularization and extent of necrosis in tumour tissue. We have verified immunological memory in a small group of females by the secondary inoculations of the same tumour cells after complete disappearance of primary, spontaneously regressing tumour. No sarcoma repeatedly evolved in any of the females. Results obtained in the present work brought new insights into the problems of tumour in the Lewis rat sarcoma model with inoculated sarcoma. These results may have significance also for area of clinical oncology due to similarities with the behaviour of some human cancers.
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