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Dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nováková, Veronika ; Flekač, Milan (advisor) ; Mikeš, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis deals with dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The first chapters of the thesis deal with general information about diabetes mellitus. The chapters focus on the classification, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, complications, diagnostics of diabetes mellitus and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The subsequent chapters describe prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. The conclusion of the theoretical section is devoted to the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevention is focused on non-pharmacological measures with an emphasis on dietary influences. The practical part is based on anonymous quantitative research in the form of an Internet quastionaire survey, which focuses on the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The main goal was to find out about the public's awareness of dietary effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus. The secondary objectives examine the awareness of the worlwide increase of diabetics and whether the respondents consider sugar to be the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and attach greater importance to healthy lifestyle or pharmacological measures in prevention. The survey results relating to dietary influences were not very satisfactory and respondents' poor awareness regarding prevention was reflected, for example in...
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Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
RUTOVÁ, Hana
This thesis deals with low-carb diet in diabetes mellitus type 2. The thesis aims to find out about the impact of low-carb diet, compared to diabetes diet which most doctors recommend to patients suffering from type 2 DM. The theoretical part of the thesis provides a brief description of diabetes mellitus type 2, including the causes, development and possible complications. This part also discusses dietary treatment and diets used in diabetes therapy, i. e. diabetes diet and low-carb diet. The research part looks into the impact of these diets on patients suffering from type 2 DM. The first part of the research was based on survey. The research sample consisted of 56 respondents (28 on low-carb diet and 28 on diabetes diet). The survey consisted of 24 questions, out of which 16 were closed-ended questions and the remaining 8 open-ended questions. The questions focused on changes resulting from following a specific diet, asking about a change in body weight, blood pressure or about diabetes complications. The other part of the research compares weekly meal plans of 4 respondents from each research group, which amounts to 8 type 2 DM respondents. The meal plans were calculated in Nutriservis Professional programme and then evaluated. The findings have shown that, compared to diabetes diet, low-carb diet results in more prominent body weight loss and a decrease in blood pressure. Being on low-carb diet more often leads to dose reduction or even stopping oral anti-diabetic medication. Subjectively, it may also result in feeling more energetic.
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Regulatory mechanisms affecting etiopathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cinkajzlová, Anna ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Krčma, Michal (referee) ; Kříž, Jan (referee)
Subclinical inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of obesity- related complications including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages are considered important players participating in the initiation and progression of subclinical inflammation within as well as outside of adipose tissue. The first part of this dissertation thesis was focused on macrophage characterization and their quantitative and qualitative changes accompanying metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery. We have demonstrated that the number of macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue is reduced regardless of their M1 or M2 polarization manifested as positivity of both the M1- associated CD40 antigen and the M2-associated CD163 and CD206 antigens 6 months after bariatric surgery. Thus, as suggested by previously published data, subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophages seem to have a mixed phenotype. We further confirmed a higher number of non- classical monocytes, which play a role in the control of vascular integrity, in obese subjects as well as a classical monocyte-derived origin of CD163 positive monocytes. Our data also support the previous suggestion of the soluble form of CD163 antigen being a suitable marker of metabolic complications of obesity. The second part...
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Low carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy
Kábelová, Adéla ; Krejčí, Hana (advisor) ; Šeda, Ondřej (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder, which substantially affects quality of patients' lives and simultaneously increases the risk of early death due to development of its specific complications. Current T2D therapy comprises mainly pharmacotherapy, however, lifestyle changes, particularly modification of dietary habits, also assume an important role in the process. While conventional dietotherapy of T2D primarily concerns reduction of dietary fat intake aiming to achieve caloric restriction, the low carbohydrate diet (LCD), recently often discussed in relation to T2D therapy, is based on the reduction of dietary carbohydrates, whereas fats and/or proteins are increased. The positive effects of LCD in T2D therapy and its comorbidities are summarized in the theoretical part of this thesis. The aim of the practical part of the bachelor thesis was to asses the effect of LCD on health parameters associated with T2D as well as the subjective sense of respondents' satisfaction with this diet together with their adherence and compliance. The results of the survey showed that LCD led to weight loss, decreased waist circumference, glycaemia and levels of glycated haemoglobin and led, in a number of cases, to medication reduction. The level of satisfaction with LCD in the...
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Eating Habits of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Persons
KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of eating habits of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is timely and has recently been given increasing attention. Diabetes is considered one of the diseases of modern civilization. Given the topicality of the subject and the ubiquitous character of the disease, this bachelor thesis aims to assess the level of knowledge on diabetic diet among its patients as well as the level of their adherence to its principles. The bachelor thesis consists of a theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, we take a closer look at the disease itself, its causes, symptoms and management with an emphasis on diabetic diet as an essential part of patient treatment. The end of the theoretical part part focuses on the topic of educating diabetic patients as it is essential that the individuals suffering from this disease are well aware of the potential risks arising from the failure to follow routine measures in its treatment. The main focus of my thesis can be found in the practical part that evaluates eating habits observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as their perception of diabetic diet as a basic therapeutic agent in the treatment of their disease. This part is conducted by means of a qualitative research where semi-structured interviews were used as a method of collecting data. These interviews are arranged and presented in easy to follow tables and their results are further elaborated on in the discussion and conclusion. It is my hope that this publication will encourage and improve awareness of healthy eating habits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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The influence of very-low calorie diet and pharmacologic interventions on adipose tissue metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.
Gregová, Monika ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Kunešová, Marie (referee) ; Žourek, Michal (referee)
(EN) Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among metabolic disease with increasing incidence and prevalence. Last decade has been devoted to intensive research focused on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying development of these diseases. Besides environmental factors, lifestyle and amount and composition of food, adipose tissue is a key player in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic complications including insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. Primary aim of our work was to evaluate the role of recently discovered adipokine omentin and the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and in peripheral monocytes (PM) in patients with obesity and T2DM with respect to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. A total number of 118 subjects enrolled in the study were divided into three groups: patients with obesity and T2DM (T2DM group), obese non-diabetics (OB) and healthy lean subjects as a control group (KO). Study subjects underwent several types of interventions - 2 to 3 weeks of very-low calorie diet (VLCD, energy intake 600 kcal per day), regular physical activity program or bariatric surgery (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, LSG). Results indicate that low serum omentin concentrations may contribute to development of obesity-associated...
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Nutritional of patients with diabetes mellitus of the second type
Vlášková, Lenka ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Škrha, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on nutritional of patients with diabetes mellitus of the second type. The theoretical part defines type 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been increasing in our country and all over the world. Although the genetic predisposition is necessary for the development of diabetes, we can prevent this disease. The obesity as well as the other components of the metabolic syndrome prevention is very important in type 2 diabetes prevention. Physical activity is also very important, as it has a significant effect on insulin sensitivity and the dietary influences, which this bachelor thesis particularly deals with. The practical part is based on the survey, which contains the results of a questionnaire survey carried out at the 13rd International day of diabetes mellitus on Charles square in Prague. This part of the work shows how are their eating habits and activities. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dietary prevention
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Genetic determination of type 2 diabetes mellitus, analysis of selected genes - THADA, MAEA, JAZF1 and ARAP1
Procházková, Iveta ; Hubáček, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kaňková, Kateřina (referee)
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide spread disease of affluence which prevalence has been growing. Although, the probability of its manifestation is being linked above all with environmental factors, genetic susceptibility plays an important role too. The aim of this thesis was to find out the association of four polymorphisms with the risk of T2DM manifestation in Czech population. Polymorphisms rs10203174 THADA, rs6819243 MAEA, rs849135 JAZF1 and rs1552224 ARAP1 (CENTD2) were chosen based on their risk in British population. Methodology: We studied groups of 712 Czech patients with T2DM and 752 healthy controls selected as a random sample of Czech population in the post-MONICA study. For a genotypisation rs10203174 and rs6819243 we used the PCR-RFLP method. For an analysis of genotypes rs849135 and rs1552224 was used the real-time PCR method. The results were analysed via odds ratio (OR) a chi-square test. Results: In case of the rs1552224 variant, the risk was proved with statistical significance (P = 0,01). The value of OR for the risk allele T is 1,37 (95% CI 1,07-1,75). In case of the polymorphisms rs10203174, rs6819243 and rs849135 no significant association with the disease was proved. For rs10203174 the value of OR of the allele C is 1,20 (95% CI 0,91-1,56, P = 0,20), OR of...
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The role of incretin hormones in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Marchal, Anna ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Brabcová, Iveta (referee)
Incretins are gut hormones secreted by cells located in the small intestine in response to ingestion of nutrients. The aim of this thesis is to describe their effect on the control of glucose homeostasis. Incretin receptors are widely distributed in multiple tissues and organs suggesting their complex effects including the regulation of glucose homeostasis and food intake by various mechanisms including both peripheral and central effects. Owing to their ability to regulate insulin secretion and glucose metabolism incretins have a potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Incretin-based therapy strategies are discussed and compared in this thesis. Analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1, one of the incretin hormones, have the ability to lower body weight and therefore are considered as a possible obesity treatment both in patients with and without diabetes. The role of incretins in pathophysiology of obesity and studies carried out in order to evaluate its potential in the treatment of this disease are depicted. The thesis also involves an overview of possible role of incretins in metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. Keywords: Incretin hormones, GIP, GLP-1, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity.
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