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Mikrosatelitní panel pro srnčí zvěř a jeho využití
Podlipná, Eliška
As the name Microsatellite panel for roe deer and its use suggests, my bachelor thesis studies microsatellite markers for roe deer. The goal of this work was to construct microsatellite panel for roe deer and test it, while focusing on genetic variability of roe deer in ŠLP Křtiny and identifying the level of probability of railways and busy roads to be a barrier for the migration of roe deer and their gene flow. A total of 40 roe deer shot in the ŠLP Křtiny area in the 2017-2018 hunting season were sampled. Multiplex PCR was optimized for seven microsatellite markers. Statistical analyses showed presence of one population of roe deer in the ŠLP Křtiny area. Intraspecific differences were observed only on the level of individuals, they were absent on the level of potential groups. Moreover, the study showed that railways and busy roads present no barriers to migration of roe deer or their fluent gene flow. For further studies, I suggest to extend the number of markers for microsatellite panel and the area of roe deer sampling (for example different areas of the Czech Republic).
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Reproductive strategy of the termite Silvestritermes minutus and its consequences for the life history and ecological succes
Křivánek, Jan ; Hanus, Robert (advisor) ; Klimeš, Petr (referee)
Mixed reproductive strategies are unique modes of reproduction, in which the organisms alternate sexual and asexual offspring production to benefit from both processes. In termites, such a strategy was first described in 2009 and dubbed Asexual Queen Succession (AQS). Reproduction in most termite species is based on a presence of one pair of long-lived reproductives, the primary king and queen, producing in a lifelong strict monogamy all other colony members using classical sexual processes. In a few rare species, the primary queen has been observed to be replaced at some stage of colony development by a harem of neotenic queens. These arise from unfertilized eggs via thelytokous parthenogenesis and reproduce with the founding king. While the workers, soldiers and winged dispersing reproductives remain to be produced sexually, new generations of parthenogenetic neotenic queens appear in the colony to supplement the harem. As long as the founding king is alive, the genetic constitution of most offspring remains identical as if the founding queen would still be alive, while the overall fecundity of the colony increases thanks to the large number of queens. At the same time, the continuous renewal of the harem by new parthenogens offers a virtually unlimited lifespan extension to the colony. In my...
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Population genetics of Pipistrellus pipistrellus species complex hibernacula
Habalová, Kateřina ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Kaňuch, Peter (referee)
This thesis deals with two cryptic pipistrelle bat species, common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and soprano pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) living in sympatry in continental Europe. Although both species are abundant during summer in Europe, they spent winter in mass hibernacula and there is only limited knowledge about this period. In total, 233 individuals from four mass hibernacula were sampled in Central Europe and Romania. The species composition and population variability in winter hibernacula was examined by using the tools of population genetics (analysis of mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites). Two hibernacula with exclusive or partial mass representation of soprano pipistrelle were genetically confirmed for the first time. No cytonuclear conflict neither admixed nuclear genotype was detected, that means that early stage of hybridization between both species was not revealed. Similar genetic structure in both genetic markers indicate, that swarming and hibernating populations are substantially overlapping. Compared to the P. pygmaeus, higher genetic variability was found in P. pipistrellus populations, even though genetic variability is relatively low compared to other species. It can be caused by strong gene flow, in the case of P. pygmaeus it may be caused...
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Genetic consequences of bottlenecks and population admixture in Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber)
Náhlovský, Jan ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Hulva, Pavel (referee)
In the last few centuries beavers passed through dramatic declining of the population size followed by expansion supported by reintroductions. The genetical variability is much decreased due to this bottleneck. Current beavers possess 31 known recent mitochondrial haplotypes, among which some were described independently several times. The haplotypes form two clusters, which serve as a base for dividing beaver populations into the west and east ESU. While microsatellite loci show moderate variability, the diversity of Y chromosome loci is very low. There are only ten described alleles of the DRB second exon, which belong to the MHC loci. No mitochondrial haplotype or MHC allele is shared between relict populations. This is not noticeable in samples from the time before the bottleneck. Described subspecies are therefore only the artefact of the recent bottleneck. Newly established populations comprise in many cases beavers of various origin and are more or less admixed. It seems, that the admixed populations have higher viability and conversely in some relict populations it is possible to find the evidence of the inbreeding depression. Thus, for reintroductions it is advantageous to use individuals from several source relict populations or to use beavers from admixed populations. Several species passed...
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Factors influencing butterfly diversity of the species-rich Submediterranean region
BARTOŇOVÁ, Alena
This thesis focuses on the history, current state, and conservation of butterfly diversity in the Submediterranean grasslands and Palaearctic steppes. The thesis is introduced with the summary of Cenozoic history of the steppe biome in Eurasia. Then it consists of three studies. The first study describes butterfly communities and microhabitat selection of a steppe specialist butterfly Proterebia afra in two relic grassland areas in the Balkans. Based on genetic markers and samples covering the whole distribution ranges, the second and third studies assess the phylogeography of two steppe butterflies, P. afra and Pseudophilotes bavius, distributed in the Irano-Anatolian region, the Balkans, as well as the northern Palaearctic steppes.
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Variabilita molekulární diversity a proteinové struktury Toll-like receptorů v populacích galapážských drozdců
MILÁČEK, Matěj
Fragmentation of populations and habitat loss is a hallmark of ongoing 6th mass extinction, and in terms of conservation genetics, it is necessary to understand the changes that it entails. It is essential to understand the impact of population size on the variability of the immune genes for the future in conservation genetics. In order to better understand genetic variability, it is not enough to analyze DNA sequences only, but focus on functional protein variability. This paper examines the physiochemical properties and structures of the individual haplotypes of Toll-like receptors in allopatric populations of Galapagos mockingbirds (Mimus sp.). Toll-like receptors play a key role in the immune system, where they form the link between innate and adaptive immune responses, by the detection of pathogens. The data in this work reveal the variability of their diversity across the small Galapagos populations and the large continental populations of the northern mockingbird (M. polyglottos). Comparison of heterozygosity of populations revealed that the proportion of heterozygotes is smaller in galapagos populations than in the continental population. This suggests a greater impact of diversifying selection in the continental population, or a reduction in genetic variability in Galapagos populations due to founder effect and smaller population size. In addition to the description of genetic diversity, the physiochemical properties of the discovered haplotypes were described, the structures of all TLR1B, TLR4 and TLR15 haplotypes were modeled and compared.
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Aplikace matematických znalostí při výuce biologie
STUDENÁ, Lucie
The Theses deals with applications of mathematical knowledge in teaching biology and it is divided into four chapters. Each chapter is dedicated to another application: 1. Application of conditional probability in medical diagnostics, 2. Application of exponential function in population ecology, 3. Application of logic functions in mathematical modelation of neuron and 4. Aplication of binomial theorem and binomial distribution in genetics. Each application contains solved problems, a worksheet for students and a solution for each worksheet. Two application (1. and 2.) have been tested in teaching and as an assessment of my lessons students filled questionnaires. Results of these questionnaires are processed in the end of these chapters. This Thesis can be used in teaching or self-studying.
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Allopatric evolution in rousettine fruit bats: from population and landscape genetics to phylogeography
Stříbná, Tereza ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee) ; Vallo, Peter (referee)
Population structure, biogeography and phylogenetic relationships of the fruit bat genus Rousettus have been studied in Africa and adjacent regions. The current population patterns of rousettine fruit bats in the Old World are influenced by several environmental attributes, namely the topography, climate and land cover. These variables are mirrored in fruit bat plesiomorphies related to the ecological niche of tropical flying frugivore, as well as apomorphies of rousettines including echolocation ability, roosting in caves and dispersal capacity in open landscapes with discontinuous tree cover. Phylogenetic relationships among species and subspecies of the genus have been indicated and confronted with the existing colonization scenarios. Insular populations (including habitat islands within desert oases) show frequent genetic differentiation from their mainland relatives suggesting successful founder events after traversing stretches of unsuitable habitats. Genetic differentiation evolving in less distant islands suggests involving behavioural mechanisms maintaining cohesion of isolated demes as site fidelity and natal habitat-biased dispersal. In sub-Saharan mainland Africa within the large range reaching from the southern border of Sahara to Cape Peninsula, Rousettus populations share a...
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Comparison of the genetic variability of geographically distant populations of selected species of European marine gobies
Chalupecká, Katarína ; Vukićová, Jasna (advisor) ; Rovatsos, Michail (referee)
Gobies (Gobiidae, Actinopterygii) are small, predominantly cryptic, marine, brackish and freshwater fishes. They abundantly inhabit coastal waters, although their occurrence is far from being mapped due to their inconspicity, often hidden lifestyle and a lack of commercial use. Information about distribution of many species is therefore still rather poor. Many species are known only from a few locations scattered throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic. This suggests that most species could actually have a relatively continuous distribution area. Comparing the genetic variability of geographically distant populations of the same species can help to detect whether there is some population subdivision and whether populations are genetically isolated from each other. The aim of my thesis was to compare genetic variability of the populations of eight goby species: Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Gobius cruentatus, Gobius geniporus, Gobius incognitus, Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Millerigobius macrocephalus and Zebrus zebrus within Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Samples used in this work were collected from two Atlantic (Spain and Portugal) and seven Mediterranean localities (France, Sicily, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, and Cyprus - northern and...
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Reintroduction of butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Štochlová, Tereza ; Sedláček, Ondřej (advisor) ; Straka, Jakub (referee)
The thesis deals with one of the active means of conservation - reintroduction. By this ap- proach, organisms are released in their historical range from which they have disappeared. Re- introductions typically concern vertebrates, that is, however, why this thesis focuses on a group of invertebrates - butterflies (Rhopalocera). The main aim of this work is to carry out a research of previous experiments, evaluate used methods and discover the best way to proceed with reintroduction of butterflies. This process contains many important steps. Firstly, a suitable species must be chosen, that means one that is declining and has limited dispersal abilities. Secondly, an appropriate habitat for releasing organisms must be found - host plants ought to be sufficiently abundant and the area big enough. If the habitat quality is not satisfactory, it can be achieved through management, most commonly by planting host plants, mowing or grazing. Next step is choosing the right donor population. It should be stable, genetically variable, and genetically and ecologically related to the original extinct population. After transfer and release of sufficient number of organisms, it is crucial to carry out a long-term monitoring of the newly formed population and to modify its management when necessary. All methods...
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