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Detekce houbových chorob ječmene pomocí zobrazovací fluorescence a termálního zobrazování
Holzmannová, Kateřina
The main goal of this work was to perform a literature review of imaging methods for the detection of spring barley diseases, their advantages and disadvantages and to conduct an experiment on spring barley samples with different levels of fungal disease infection to compare disease detection using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, UV fluorescence imaging and hyperspectral imaging in VNIR and NIR spectral ranges. The originally planned measurements on more diseases were performed due to governmental travel restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic only for Pyrenophora teres barley infection. The achieved results show that all three methods have the potential for use in the field of early and non-invasive detection of P. teres infection, either for the purpose of aerial monitoring or in the phenotyping of resistance to P. teres. The best correlation to leaf infection was achieved with the parameter actual quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII). This parameter shows a high linearity of relationship to P. teres infection, which gives the assumption of reliable detection in the whole infection range. With regard to the need for measurements from the proximity and also due to possible effect of changes in the intensity of solar radiation, this is rather a parameter applicable for plant phenotyping than for the monitoring of large areas. Very good results in the detection of P. teres infestation were also obtained using the UV fluorescence screening index. UV fluorescence screening also shows a very close relationship to the level of P. teres infection, but of a non-linear nature, where the UV fluorescence shielding index increases sharply with under a low level of infection and is less affected at higher level of infection. This means a higher sensitivity of the method to a small level of infection and may therefore have an advantage especially in the early detection of infection. The UV screening index also have considerable potential for the analysis of the disease spatial distribution at the leaf level, where UV shielding increases in areas around the infestation site but decreases significantly at the infestation site itself. In contrast, hyperspectral reflectance represents considerable potential for monitoring of large areas, because it can be evaluated not only from proximity but also from a drones, aircrafts or satellites. The highest correlation and linearity of relationship between P. teres infection was achieved for the index integrating the wider reflectance range 650-725 nm ANMB650-725. However, good results of estimating the level of infection were also achieved with simple vegetation indices such as NDVI and EVI. For the early detection of P. teres infection, the ARI index based on the anthocyanin absorption band, showing a sharp change in low infection level, seems to be the most suitable. This index also shows very good results of evaluating the spatial distribution of P.teres infection on the leaf, with ARI rising at the site of infection. The best results of the evaluating the spatial distribution of infection was demonstrated by the simple ratio of reflectances in the red and green band (RGR), which, however, shows less close relationship to the total P. teres on the whole leaf. Overall, it can be stated that all three methods have the potential to be used for monitoring of P. teres infection and for phenotyping of resistance to P. teres. For the selection of method, rather the key technical requirements e.g. if the total leaf infection is measured or the distribution of the leaf infection is evaluated, from what distance the measurement can be performed and what is the range of measured areas, and also whether it is necessary to detect low level of infection with high sensitivity at the onset of infection or it is more important to ensure a reliable estimate of the infection in the whole range.
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Nákladově-produkční vztahy v zemědělském podniku
Ležovičová, Lucia
The thesis is focused on analysis of economical factors in connection with particular farming products produced by selected agricultural company in given years. The analysis includes calculation of cost, revenue and profit indicators, connected with profitability and productivity of producing factors. It includes evaluation of cost-production optimum in short term.
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Studying the regulation of expression of genes involved in barley malting quality
Hoffmannová, Viktorie ; Svobodová, Leona (advisor) ; Lipavská, Helena (referee)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a grain cultivated as an agricultural crop across many varying climatic areas of the world. It is mainly used for its feed and brewing industry properties. This work will focus on studying the malting process on a molecular level, which mainly includes the genes for degradative enzymes of storage proteins, starch and compounds of endosperm cell walls. We shall observe how all these components interact during malting and other processes of brewing beer. It is known that malting quality parameters are tied to several genes, whose expression is regulated. These regulatory pathways will also be included in this work.
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The multiresidue determination of pesticides in barley and malt by the LC/MS method with QuEChERS extraction
Posoldová, Kateřina ; Pernica,, Marek (referee) ; Mikulíková, Renata (advisor)
The topic of this thesis is the determination of pesticides in barley and malt. Barley is one of the second most cultivated cereals in the Czech Republic. In order to achieve higher yields, higher grain quality, and avoid losses, plant protection products - pesticides - are used. The disadvantage of their use is their negative impact on human and animal health and the environment. Residues of pesticides and their metabolites can remain in a food, so it is a good idea to monitor their content. There are various options for determination, but recently the QuEChERS extraction method has been used, which speeds up the whole sample preparation process. The practical part summarizes the optimization and validation of the QuEChERS method and the subsequent quantification of analytes by UPLC-MS/MS. The content of 148 pesticides in 30 barley and 20 malt samples from the 2021 harvest in the Czech Republic was analysed.
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Effect of exodermis differentiation on nutrient uptake localization in root
Janoušková, Jana ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Plants are able to cope with changing environmental conditions or withstand its adverse effects due to their plastic development. One way to adapt to fluctuating amounts of nutrients and water in the environment or the presence of toxic substances is to regulate the movement of substances between the plant and the environment. Beside other, this regulation is also possible at the level of the root system, by the formation of apoplastic barriers endodermis and exodermis. Some species posses endodermis only, in others exodermis in hypodrermal layers of the root can be found. These barriers differentiate in three stages and prevent free movement of coumpounds though apoplast. The transport to the symplast is the key point of regulating the uptake of substances into the plant and the endodermis is the fundamental structure. The presence of exodermis, however, affects the apoplast permeability of the surface root layers and can therefore influence the involvement of the primary cortex cells in the uptake of substances from the environment. In this work the impact of phosphate deficiency on the formation of apoplastic barriers was studied focusing on exodermis and the effect of its differentiation on the occurrence of membrane transporters and involvement of primary cortex cells in the uptake of...
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Arsenic determination in beer samples and raw materials for its preparation
Švadlenová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
This thesis describes the optimization of the method for determination of arsenic by the chemical hydride generation coupled with AAS detection in beer samples and raw materials for its preparation. The beer usually contain arsenic at ultratrace level, however, it is necessary to monitor the concentration of this element in the beer. The routinely used method for determination of arsenic is determination by electrothermal atomization. This approach is time consuming, expensive and less sensitive. It has been developer suitable determination of arsenic as a faster and less expensive method. For this method there was optimized the flow rate of argon to 75 ml·min-1, the optimum flow rate for the reagents was 4.0 ml·min-1 and for the sample 5.0 ml·min-1 . 3 % NaBH4 in 0.5 % NaOH was used as the reducing agent for the determination of arsenic, and HCl diluted 1:1 with distilled water was used to acidify the sample. With this parameter LOD was 0.32 μg·l-1 and LOQ 1.05 μg·l-1 . It has been tested the arsenic determination in samples of barley, malt and potable water as beer raw materials. It has been found that the beer matrix is unsuitable for the hydride generation technique due to a stormy reaction in the gas/liquid phase separator. The effect of pretreatment, which is likely to enhance the effect of...
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A transcriptomic-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity
Janská, Anna ; Ovesná, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Vaňková, Radomíra (referee) ; Honys, David (referee)
The PhD thesis is focused on a transcriptomics-based comparison of barley cultivars differing with respect to their low temperature acclimation capacity, with a particular focus on genes transcribed in the leaf and crown. The crown was of interest because of its importance for the winter survival of the plant. To involve both the first and the second phase of hardening, the test plants were exposed first to +3řC for 21 days, followed by - 3řC for one day. Freezing damage was assessed by measuring electrolyte leakage (Papers 2 and 3), using a modified version of a protocol developed by Prášil and Zámečník (1998). The same protocol was adapted to evaluate crown regrowth (Paper 2); for this purpose, the plants were cooled, then replanted and cut above the crown, and their survival rate calculated over the following week. Each RNA sample was queried by hybridization to an Affymetrix 22 K Barley1 GeneChip Genome Array (Close et al. 2004). The data were statistically analysed with the help of the software packages R, MAS 5.0 (Ihaka & Gentleman 1996) (Papers 2 and 3), Gene Spring GX 7.3 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara CA) and MapMan (Thimm et al. 2004; Usadel et al. 2005) (Paper 2), the "Self-Organizing Maps" algorithm (Kohonen et al. 1996) (Paper 3) and MIPS FunCat (Ruepp et al. 2004) (Paper 2). Paper...
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Mechanisms of exodermal response to nutrient availability in the environment
Gargoš, Ondřej ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Kummerová, Marie (referee)
in English The apoplastic barriers of the root (endodermis and exodermis) represent an important regulatory mechanism for the uptake of water and nutrients from the environment, ensuring its selectivity. In addition, both layers respond to stress factors by altering its rate and degree of cell wall modification, which affects the transport properties of the root and represents adaptive plants to high heterogeneity of the soil environment. Apoplastic barriers also respond to the availability of mineral nutrients. This issue has recently been intensively studied and a number of ambiguities persist. Interestingly, the deficiency of some mineral nutrients stimulates the differentiation of barriers, while the deficiency of other mineral nutrients delays the differentiation. In addition, different plant species react differently to the deficiency of the same element. Another interesting aspect is the fact that the reaction of the endodermis and exodermis is localized and takes place mainly in that part of the root system which is directly exposed to the stress factor. This phenomenon has been observed with cadmium toxicity, but more recently with local nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen and potassium) in Zea mays. This diploma thesis deals with the functional significance of localized enhancing or delaying...
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