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Phenolic acids in plants
Klížová, Lucie ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Janoušek, Jiří (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY PHARMACEUTICAL FACULTY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Title of the Diploma thesis: FENOLIC ACIDS IN PLANTS Candidate: Lucie Klížová Supervisor: PharmDr. Jana Karlíčková, Ph.D. Diploma thesis 2020/2021, pp. 153 Phenolic acids belongs between secondary metabolites, which are part of fruits, vegetables, cereals and other plants of different families. For example, it can be plants of family Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Ericaceae, which contain significant amounts of these substances. In plants phenolic acids play an important role and they have many human health-promoting effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer activity and other. Plants containing phenolic acids are preferably also used as antidiabetics, expectorants, insecticides, hypolipidemics, cardioprotective and neurological compounds, etc. The content of these compounds in plants may be different according to monitored cultivar, the place of growth, the time of harvest and many other aspects. Presence, identification and subsequent quantification of individual phenolic acids are usually done through the HPLC and MS methods and total content of these compounds is determined through the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The diploma thesis is a literature...
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Probiotics, their influence on health and probiotic food
Hondlíková, Tereza ; Dostálová, Jana (advisor) ; Plocková, Milada (referee)
Probiotics are living microorganisms which show positive effects on human health if consumed in a sufficient quantity. Probiotics have been under a lot of research recently, however their effectiveness in terms of treatment or prevention of diseases has not been supported by a sufficient number of studies and research yet. The thesis summarizes the existing knowledge about probiotics, characterizes individual types of probiotic organisms, describes possible sources of probiotics and their impact on human health. Theoretical part of the thesis deals with the definition of the concept of probiotics, also describes prebiotics and synbiotics which are closely related to this topic. characteristics of individual groups of probiotics as well as their impact on human health and possible use in the treatment of diseases as a form of biological treatment are also included. Furthermore the sources of probiotics both in the form of foods containing probiotics and in the form of probiotic dietary supplements are described. At the end of the theoretical part, recommendations for receiving and selecting a suitable source of probiotics are summarized. The aim of the practical part was to find out if the general public is aware of probiotics. Questions about preferences in the selection and consumption of...
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Capacity of probiotics to affect innate lymphoid cells type 3
Věcek, Jan ; Hrdý, Jiří (advisor) ; Schwarzer, Martin (referee)
Innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) are a group of relatively newly discovered lymphocytes that lack an antigen-specific receptor. Nevertheless, their important role of immune regulators on mucous membranes is evident. In addition to the development of lymphoid tissue in embryogenesis, and during ontogenesis, postnatally, ILC3 are mainly involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and controlling intestinal microbiota. ILC3 produces various cytokines that stimulate surrounding intestinal cells to produce antimicrobial peptides and maintain epithelial wall integrity. The major cytokine produced by ILC3 is IL-22. Th17 lymphocytes and ILC3 are similar in many respects but differ significantly in some functions. ILC3 can regulate adaptive immunity cells towards an antimicrobial response without inducing inflammation. They are also directly connected to cells of the nervous system. Some probiotic bacterial strains produce metabolites that directly affect ILC3. This mechanism could be used in new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate the severity of diseases where changes in microbiota composition and function are inducing proinflammatory responses of the host. Key words: innate lymphoid cells; IL-22; antimicrobial peptides; probiotics; microbiota
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The effect of gut microbiota composition on condition in birds
Černá, Kateřina ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Saláková, Martina (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to summarize present knowledge concerning the effects of gut microbiota composition on condition in birds. The effect of gut microbiota on various aspects of animal physiology is currently intensively studied and the understanding of its biomedical importance is a topical theme. However, the majority of the current research is focused on humans and other mammals, and in birds on agriculturally significant species. Therefore, this thesis focuses also on the applicability of results of agriculturally orientated research on free-living birds' study. The results of agricultural research show a high interspecies and intraspecies variability in the effects of certain bacteria on the condition of the host. That should be taken into account when designing experiments in wild-living species. This thesis summarizes current knowledge concerning the effects of bacteria on condition of birds that was gained in correlational and manipulative studies. Manipulative studies include those in which probiotics or antibiotics were given to birds. The main modes of action of probiotic bacteria are also summarized here. One of the aims of this thesis was also to find out the possibilities of using detection of certain bacterial species as a non-invasive method to assess birds' condition. This thesis...
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Tool for Visualization of Microbiome Data
Mišáková, Silvia ; Martínek, Tomáš (referee) ; Smatana, Stanislav (advisor)
Táto práca sa zameriava na vytvorenie nového nástroja pre vizualizáciu mikrobiomových dát. Vytvorený nástroj používa pre redukciu dimenzií analýzu hlavných komponent (PCA) a analýzu hlavných súradníc (PCoA). V prípade výpočtu dištančnej matice sú použité metriky Bray-Curtis odlišnosť a UniFrac. Spracované dáta sú následne ofarbené na základe užívateľom zvolených metadát. Výsledky sú prezentované pomocou dvoch typov grafov. Prvý z nich je stĺpcový a zobrazuje podiel každej hlavnej zložky. Druhý, bodový graf, vizualizuje konečný výsledok požadovanej analýzy. V rámci práce bola pridaná možnosť stiahnuť si vypočítanú maticu a taktiež tabuľku prvých N hlavných zložiek vypočítaných danou analýzou.
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Vliv různých forem zinku na střevní mikrobiotu selat po odstavu
Stuhlová, Romana
This thesis deals with the influence of zinc various forms on the intestinal microbiota of pigs. At the beginning, the thesis presents a basic overview of nanoparticles, especially zinc one, which have been used in practical terms. Also, the topic of intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets and the effect of nanoparticles on neonatal diarrhea, which is often associated with weaning, is discussed. The practical part deals with the influence of different zinc concentrations on intestinal bacteria at 0, 5, 10 and 20 days after weaning of the pig from the sow. The total number of microorganisms at individual concentrations and also the number of coliform bacteria, which are very often the source of diarrheal diseases, were determined. Four selective agars were used for qualitative assessment of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the percentage growth on the individual growth medium was determined.
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The effect of antibiotics on human gut microbiome and the influence of probiotics on its restoration
Hloucalová, Nikola ; Lichá, Irena (advisor) ; Ulrych, Aleš (referee)
Antibiotics are used for treatment of bacterial infections. They negatively affect not only the pathogens, but also other microorganisms in the gut, including the beneficial bacteria. Antibiotic treatment changes the proportion of good versus bad bacteria in the gut, causes a decrease in the number of commensal bacteria and leads to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. We should consume probiotics during and after the antibiotic treatment, otherwise it results in an unhealthy stool and moreover it affects the immune system which then leads to physical and mental illnesses. This thesis summarizes the influence of probiotics on human gut during dysbiosis caused mainly by antibiotics.
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Study of immunopathological mechanisms of autoimmune uveitis and the determination of new therapeutical options.
Seidler Štangová, Petra ; Svozílková, Petra (advisor) ; Rozsíval, Pavel (referee) ; Farghali, Hassan (referee)
The aim of this work was to gain new knowledge about mechanisms of autoimmune uveitis and to test new therapeutic possibilities that have not yet been studied in uveitis or whose effect is questionable. The main emphasis was placed on the role of microorganisms in the process of uveitis. A mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis including a germ-free model was used to achieve the aims and samples of patients' intraocular fluids were analyzed. In the experimental model, the intensity of inflammation was evaluated in vivo clinically and post mortem histologically. The effect of immunomodulatory treatment was evaluated. The intensity of inflammation was compared between groups of germ-free and conventional mice. The therapeutic effect of antibiotics administered to affect microbiome was investigated in conventional mice. In intraocular fluid samples of patients with autoimmune uveitis signs of infection were monitored and levels of cytokines and other factors were evaluated. Evaluation of the effect of immunomodulatory therapy has demonstrated the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil, which supports its wider use in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis in human medicine. The decrease in bacterial load has led to a decrease in the intensity of inflammation, thereby confirming the importance of...
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Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Relation to primary scklerosing cholangitis, liver transplantation and carcinogenesis.
Bajer, Lukáš ; Drastich, Pavel (advisor) ; Živný, Jan (referee) ; Procházka, Vlastimil (referee)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of multifactorial illnesses with increasing incidence worldwide. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two most thoroughly defined phenotypes of IBD. IBD associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - a progressive biliary disease leading to cirrhosis and liver failure - is considered as specific IBD phenotype (also referred to as 'PSC - IBD') due to its clinical and pathophysiological characteristics. The aim of the experimental part of this thesis was to define specific features of PSC - IBD in the key areas of IBD pathogenesis. These are: microbiota composition, gut - barrier failure, genetic predisposition and aberrant cellular and antibody immune response. Furthermore, the other goals were to describe relation of IBD status and activity to liver transplantation (LTx) and carcinogenesis based on thorough analysis of clinical data in patients under surveillance at the liver transplantation unit. Using the next-generation parallel sequencing technology, we discovered specific bacterial and mycobial features of gut microbiota composition in PSC - IBD which significantly differed from UC and healthy controls recruited from Czech general population. Moreover, we identified numerous seral biomarkers distinguishing CD, UC...
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Variability in selected haematological traits related to gastrointestinal microbiota in parrots (Psittaciformes)
Dlugošová, Sylvie ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Volf, Jiří (referee)
Thousands of parrots all over the world suffer from illnesses and medical complications that can result from interactions between their immune system and bacteria in their digestive tract. The aim of this master's thesis is to understand the link between symptoms of these medical issues, the composition of blood and gastrointestinal microbiota in parrots. Using the hematological methods, 198 blood samples representing 53 parrot species were analyzed. The composition of microbiome was defined by combination of a molecular approach using bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 132 fecal samples, 12 intestine samples, 228 cloacal swabs and 236 beak swabs representing in total 61 parrot species and a diagnostic approach by psittacine fecal Gram's stain method. Significant association of hematological parameters with individual, environmental and clinical factors was observed, as well as its considerable interspecific variability. Absolute heterophile and lymphocyte counts have been shown more useful for infectious and autoimmune disease monitoring than H/L ratio. Relative numbers of basophiles were the best indicator for behavioral disorders. In relation to hematological parameters, the effect of the bacterial family Flavobacteriaceae, as part of the oral microbiota, and the bacteria Escherichia or...
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