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The importance of probiotics and prebiotics in diseases of childhood
JERKOVIČOVÁ, Diana
The major goal of this thesis was to explore and summarize the issue of the importance of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of disease in childhood in the form of theoretical work using a variety of literary sources, both Czech and foreign. The most important prerequisite for proper physical growth, health and psychosocial development of the child is good nutrition. The simplest and most natural way of feeding babies is breast-feeding. Breast milk is absolutely perfect composition, optimum temperature and protects infants against various infections and allergies. The colonization of the intestinal microflora, which affects among other things, our immune and digestive system, begins to occur during childbirth (vaginal and fecal microflora from its mother), and from breast milk or the environment. The settlement is delayed if the child was born by Caesarean section. If infants are only breastfed their intestinal microflora is composed of 90% of healthy bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Probiotics are referred as living organisms (bacteria and yeasts) which have shown positive influence on the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics in pediatric practice has tripled over the last ten years. The most used are bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and / or activity of certain strains of intestinal microflora. The first area of concern of the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diseases in children were atopic disease whose prevalence in recent decades, greatly affects the whole society. In case of atopic dermatitis and food allergies there are number of optimistic studies that demonstrate the positive effect of combination of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics), on the other hand, there are studies on this issue which are rather skeptical and do not confirm this positive effect. Convincing results come from the area of diarrhoea. Regarding acute diarrhoea that are in children caused mainly by rotavirus, was observed clearly positive effects of probiotics, which occur to shorten the duration of rotavirus diarrhea to about 40 hours, or to reduce the number of stools and the duration of diarrhea by approximately one day, and especially where there has been the early administration. Similarly, in a majority of cases the positive impact of the use of probiotics for diarrhoea associated with antibiotic treatment, especially during simultaneous use. Regarding inflammatory bowel diseases, favorable results are achieved in particular in the case of ulcerative colitis, which is the use of a positive effect of probiotics in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate inflammatory activity comparable to drug treatment, but in Crohn's disease, a positive influence is entirely clear. Positive results also come in necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. However, these results are difficult to interpret because studies. Very similar results in the effects of probiotics and prebiotics are in the prevention of nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants. Although showing some positive effects, particularly in infants with very low birth weight, there was a positive effect of probiotics or prebiotics in different studies fully demonstrated and it would be desirable to assess the safety and effectiveness of future research. It would be necessary to examine which specific types of probiotics should be used and in what dosage. In general, therefore, could be said that despite all the optimistic results of a positive effect of probiotics and prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, there is the need for further research, that this positive effect is confirmed or refuted.
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Effect of Physiotherapy on the treatment of tennis elbow
MARHOUN, Ondřej
Tennis elbow syndrome, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition that affects the area called enthesis. Enthesis, the transition from tendon to bone, take part in transfer of mechanical energy produced by muscles to the movement. These days 1-3% of the world population suffer from this condition (Dungl, 2005; Goguin, Rush, 2003; Johnson, 2007). There are two stages of lateral epicondylitis. The acute stage occurs after previous overworking, contrary to the chronical stage, which developes as a result of long-term overworking and produces structural changes. In 75% of cases tendon m. extensor carpi radialis brevis is damaged. The therapy during the acute stage is succesful in 90% of cases. Therefore early start of the treatment is important (Dungl, 2005). There are many causes of lateral epicondylitis. Overworking of certain muscles is the most common exogenic cause. According to Véle (2007), it is mainly incoordination of these muscles, that leads to pathologies producing pain in the area of enthesis. Because of overworking, extensors of the wrist have higher oxygen consumption. Therefore a tendon, mostly m. extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, haven´t sufficient oxygen intake and can´t work normally. It leads to fascia shortening and stiffness of muscle fascicle. The trigger points can also form inside of muscle fascicle. Trigger points are caused by neuromuscular synapse disorder. Stiff muscle fascicles cause increased tension in the muscle ligament. Because of it small microtraumata of the tendon structure, calcificated and non-calcificated cartilage and periosteum emerge. Microtraumata induce nociceptive stimulation, that cause pain (Faltus, 2010; Jarošová, 2010, Kolář, 2009). The aim of this thesis is to evaluate possibilities of treatment of tennis elbow and find out, whether kinesiotherapy and aplication of kinesiotaping have possitive influence on it. For this purpose a set of special exercises was created. The practical part of this thesis consists of qualitative study of three probands. Every proband should do once a day a set of specific exercises for five weeks and in addition, they attended special sessions seven times. In one case it was acute stage of lateral epicondylitis, probably because of long term stereotype movements of the wrist. Another two probands suffer from the chronical stage, probably due to everyday working on computer, that often leads to overworking of extensors. When working, all of probands usually used a lot of muscles in their movements, that should have been relaxed at the moment. In this way, patological motor stereotype can be created. It leads to cervical spine pain, shortening of the upper trapezius or pectoral muscles, diaphragm insufiention or rhomboid muscles weakening.
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Evaluation of the stability of osteosynthesis of mandibular ramus sagittal split osteotomy
Nieblerová, Jiřina ; Mazánek, Jiří (advisor) ; Dostálová, Taťjána (referee) ; Bulík, Oliver (referee)
Orthognatic surgery deals with congenital and acquired dentoalveolar or skeletal deformities of the face. An unfavourable downward rotation of a mandible and posterior vertical maxillary excess cause an anterior open bite, which is characterized by excessive anterior facial height in the lower third, a gap between the incisors in maximal occlusion and a large mandibular angle. Osteotomy (mainly Le Fort I osteotomy or bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandibular ramus - BSSO), ostectomy or distraction osteogenesis are performed to correct the orthognatic deformities. Osteosynthetic materials based on titanium or bioresorbable materials are used in the form of miniplates with monocortical screws, or bicortical screws are utilized to fix the bony fragments. Stability of the new jaws position is the main criterion for success. Relapse causes a loss of occlusion and consequently functional and aesthetic disorders. Relapse consists of skeletal and dental factors. Skeletal relapse is usually divided into early and long-term relapse. BSSO with counter-clockwise (CCW) rotation of the occlusal plane alone was traditionally considered to be the least stable treatment method. Some authors suggest the use of two miniplates on each side of the osteotomy, but we have not found scientific proof of the...
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Monitoring dependency incidence of bronchial asthma on getting alllergic to eggwhite in children's age
Kaňková, Zuzana ; Nováková, Blanka (advisor)
Her thesis topic "Monitoring the occurrence of bronchial asthmaaccording allergization the egg white in childhood, "I chose because oftimeliness and severity of the disease and also on the basis of his personal interest in allergology and clinical immunology. Asthma (asthma), bronchial, which arises on the basis of allergic inflammation is disease whose incidence continues to rise, both in child and adult population. In the Czech Republic increased incidence of asthma in childrenover the past 10 years doubled (from 4% to 8%). It is known that about 2/3 of allasthmatics have their first symptoms within a period of three years of age and most cases ofsevere asthma begins in early childhood. Therefore, this work focuses on children ages toddler tofollow-up of preschool age. Proper and timely diagnosis is the subsequent development of disease core, but due to poor cooperation such small children is verydifficult. The aim this work is to identify the select group of children, whether thesensitization effect of egg white in the child (toddler) age on the incidence of asthma and whetherthis would simply vyšetřitelný could be an auxiliary marker in the diagnosis of asthma in non-cooperating of children.
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The Church of Our Lady in Nürnberg and her sculpture
Srovnal, Filip ; Homolka, Jaromír (advisor) ; Kuthan, Jiří (referee)
English summary: The Church of Our Lady in Nürnberg and her sculpture The church of Our Lady in Nürnberg was founded by Charles IV (1316-1389) in 1355 when he returned from his crown-journey to Rome. So it was his first "emperor-foundation". The church was built probably between 1352 and 1361 as well as the sculptural decoration. We can follow up an extensive iconographic programme especially on the west facade which was supposedly ordained by Charles IV himself. This type of state-representation-scheme anticipate the further famous iconology of St. Vitus Cathedral. Some scientsts suppose that the author of this monument is Peter Parler, master builder of St. Vitus Cathedral because of high parlerian character of the architecture and sculptures and by virtue of the chronology (Peter Parler came to Prague in 1356). However we can't agree this hypothesis, because the style reasons are too general for this proposition, they don't smite a personal style of Peter Parler. For all that we regard the best pieces of the sculpture group on the west front of the church as individual manifestation of early Parlerian style. We can see the nearest affinity in the prophets at south-chorus portal in Schwäbisch Gmünd. Nürnberg - Parler - Charles IV. - gothic sculpture - gothic architecture
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Secondary tumors after irradiation for carcinoma of the breast
SUKOVÁ, Denisa
One of the most common cancers in women is breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer is great and its incidence increases after 50 years of age. In 2009, 5,975 women were newly diagnosed. Despite the fact that the treatment of breast cancer, especially in its early stages, is very successful, breast cancer still remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. In 2009, 1,607 women succumbed to this pestilential disease. The main treatment modality is surgical treatment. Breast cancer is moderately chemosensitive and radiosensitive, which suggests a potential treatment using chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Other treatment modalities include hormonal and biological therapies. Radiotherapy is a medical discipline that uses ionizing radiation to treat malignant as well as benign diseases. When applying ionizing radiation, tolerance doses of organs and tissues must be observed. As a result of exceeding the tolerance doses, significant changes and complications reducing the quality of life arise. Because the survival rate of cancer patients is increasing, the study of late effects of cancer treatment is becoming more important. One of the serious late side effects is the formation of secondary tumour. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the issues of radiation-induced tumours in women who have been treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer. The research group consists of patients who were exposed to radiation at a hospital in České Budějovice between 2000 and 2004. The entire group included 516 patients who were exposed to radiation aimed to the breast or chest wall. I monitored in these patients the eventual formation of a duplicate tumour, its location, type, and latency time. I also focused on the calculation of relative risk. After the completion of radiation therapy, a secondary tumour formed in 32 patients, i.e. 6.2 %. Two new tumours were found in one of the patients, the total of 33 secondary tumours was diagnosed. The most frequent types of newly formed tumours were cancers of contralateral breast and non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell epithelioma). Both tumour types were represented in the number of seven. Furthermore, six lung tumours, three rectal tumours, and two cases of cervical, kidney and bladder tumours were found. In addition, a duplicate tumour of the brain and the meninx, a myeloma, a thyroid tumour, and an endometrial tumour were found. 58 % cases of duplicate tumours were located outside the irradiated areas. Four of the six newly formed lung tumours, three of the seven newly formed skin tumours, and seven tumours in the contralateral breast were identified in the irradiated areas. Latency time till the formation of duplicate tumours ranged from two to twelve years. The median of the latency time was seven years. Within five years after irradiation a total of 14 secondary tumours formed, i.e. 42 % of the total. Within ten years after irradiation most of the duplicate tumours formed. 17 duplicates were diagnosed in this category, i.e. 52 %. 52 %. In one type of cancer (3 %), brain tumour, and meninges, the latency time was 12 years. Furthermore, I calculated relative risk. The values of relative risk determined were greater than 1 for all types of tumours. The lowest value relative risk was observed in skin cancer, which was 1,939. On the other hand, the highest value of the relative risk was observed in endometrial neoplasm. The value of relative risk reached 48.78. Through this calculation of relative risks I confirmed the hypothesis that after irradiation of breast cancer there is an increasing number of duplicate tumours in comparison with the occurrence of tumours in the general population. Despite the increased values of relative risk, the benefits of radiotherapy in cancer treatment are irreplaceable. When using radio therapy, it is necessary to count with some risk of late complications.
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Comparison of level total cholesterol in serum for residents from Pilsen and Czech Budweis provided similar eating habits
FRAITOVÁ, Lucie
Measuring cholesterol is considered as a screening test used primarily to determine cardiovascular risk and monitoring lipid-lowering therapy. Since this is a screening examination, there is a need for further laboratory tests - the lipid profile (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). Patients who get examined as a part of lipid-lowering therapy should follow a diet. These patiens need to be examined more frequently. Population of Czech Republic is considered at risk of early occurrence of atherosclerosis and its complications. Every year in the Czech Republic nearly 60 000 people die from cardiac and vascular disease. Cardiovascular disease increasingly affects younger age group. They are also a cause of disability of people of working age. One of the main indicators is high level of cholesterol. Accurate and precise measurement of blood cholesterol plays a role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality of people with cardio vascular disease. The aim of this thesis is to: 1) Measure the total cholesterol sample population of Plzeň and České Budějovice 2) Compare and find differences in serum total cholesterol in both locations In the theoretical part of the thesis I was interested in what foods increase cholesterol and what foods can reduce high cholesterol. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes diseases that may occur during hypercholesterolemia. The basic ones include atherosclerosis and its complications, which include heart disease or stroke. Preanalytical factor that may significantly affect laboratory tests are described in this part too. The practical part describes everything from an intake of biological material in the laboratory through the preparation (centrifugation, creating aliquots) to insertion of a secondary sample into the analytical device. Research for the thesis was conducted in the biochemical laboratory of synlab czech s.r.o. in České Budějovice. In this part I investigate ? under supervision ? a total of 100 samples of venous blood from people of Plzeň and České Budějovice. I determined the total cholesterol in serum. Cobas Integra 800 automatic biochemical analyzer was used for the examination of the biological material. In routine practice enzymatic methods are used to determine levels of cholesterol. Cholesterol esters are converted by cholesterol esterase into free cholesterol and fatty acids. Free cholesterol is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to form cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide. The resultant hydrogen peroxide reacts with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol to form a red color and water. The color intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of cholesterol and is measured by absorption spectrophotometry at 512 nm.Measured laboratory results were statistically processed and neatly sorted into tables and graphs using the computer program. Data from Plzeň and České Budějovice were sorted according to gender and evaluated using graphs. The data sets were then compared to each other and the difference in cholesterol levels was registered. All the results are in the table and graphs. Hypercholesterolemia was detected in 29 samples from Plzeň and 27 from České Budějovice.
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Specific learning disabilities and its treatment and intervention
Matějková, Veronika ; Kremličková, Marta (referee) ; Vítečková, Michaela (advisor)
The aim of my thesis is to obtain an insight into the field of specific learning disabilities. The thesis has the character of a summary and it mainly concerns the comparison of existing knowledge and approaches to children with specific learning disabilities. This thesis should be used not only for academical purposes; it also should enable the reader to underestand the term, cause, symptoms, reeducation of specific learning disabilities, which improves the understanding of the life of people with this disability.
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The personality of Williiam Randolph Hearst
Šmelhausová, Veronika ; Benda, Josef (referee) ; Köpplová, Barbara (advisor)
The Bachelor work deals with the life and work ol' the prominent media mogul W. R. Hearst who lived in the second half of the 19th and beginning of thc 20th century. It delivers answers regarding his approach to press, to journalistic work and summarizes his contribution to further development of journalism. Hearst's life journey is followcd fom his early childhood through adulthood. Other important people surrounding Hearst and influencing his further development are also introduced in this work. Hearst is not pictured here only as an unapproachable media personality, but also as a human being who errs and succeeds . As part of the work, the historic era and the introduction into life in local society are treated. What follows is a mapping of journalism during that time and mcntion of the most significant figures. An important part of thc work is Hearst's career in newspapers, which details his entry into journalism and follows his further steps in media markets. The next part focuses on his building of a media empire in the contcxt of historic and cultural events. The final part mentions media mogul R. Murdoch, who compares his work in the press with W. R. Hearst's. The Baehelor work summarizes Hearst's eontribution to journalism and brings a new angle to his personality.
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Gothic mural painting in castle chapels in Bohemia
Čechová, Lucie ; Hlaváčková, Jana Hana (advisor) ; Royt, Jan (referee)
This work is an investigation of Czech Gothic murals in castle chapels in Bohemia. The key for including of a mural to the catalogue was the founding date between early middle-ages up to the year 1526; end of the hegemony of the Jagellon dynasty amongst Bohemian Kingdom. The core of the work is a comprehensive catalogue of such murals. Included are 12 localities where these murals can be found, dating through 300 years of the middle-ages. Not included in this catalogue are the three well-documented sacral spaces in Karlštejn castle, although they also fit the time period in question. It must be acknowledged that the Karlštejn chapel murals are key elements in understanding this style and era, due to their quality and influential nature. This essay sought to isolate and explore any specific typology in this class of artwork. However, it must be stated that no such unique common character exists. The murals are more a reflection of the requirements and tastes of the individual patrons; they also express the fashion of their particular eras. There are also discrepancies in quality, which vary from century to century. In the 14th century, the quality of the investigated murals cannot be compared to that of paintings in the court of the King. However, by the late 15th and 16th centuries, the quality of murals...
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