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Local identity in a small village (a case study)
Kokschová, Veronika ; Hudečková, Helena (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
The first part of bachelor thesis covers the theoretical background of local identity. It describes the terms such as identity, countryside, culture and endogenous and other aspects of local development. Theoretical part also covers the demographic structure of Hory Matky Boží. Hory Matky Boží is a part of village Velhartice which is located close to town Sušice. It is a former mining town with a long history as well as with a development from last century.
The empirical research consists of questionnaire survey based on a local identity. The research uncovers meaning of location, identification of inhabitants with this location and satisfaction with living in this location. Basic Outcomes of this survey confirm that identification of local people with this location and its meaning for them are mainly based on natural potential of the location itself. Identification with a place is based on connection with social and cultural capital of the location and also on formalized social capital expressed by the civic engagement.
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Molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide action during meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes
Veselá, Andrea ; Hošková, Kristýna (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
At present reproductive biotechnology methods are on the rise, but their development and application in the broader management of reproduction is dependent on obtaining a sufficient number of quality oocytes cultured in vitro. The prerequisite for this requirement is the creation of the optimal conditions in the course of culturing oocytes.
Understanding and knowledge of the processes that occur in oocyte during maturation is an important and necessary condition for optimizing the process of culturing oocytes in vitro and gaining a sufficient number of good quality oocytes in metaphase II of meiotic division. A large number of mechanisms that affect and control oocyte maturation are known, however it cannot be claimed that this process has been fully explained and studied. One factor which has a potential role in the regulation of meiotic maturation of oocytes is gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a critical signaling molecule of endogenous origin.
The study of H2S led to the hypothesis that H2S actively influences the course of meiotic maturation of pig oocytes by regulating key signaling cascades. The aim of this work was to determine the involvement of H2S in the regulation of the MEK1-MAPK signaling cascade, responsible for the initiation and progress of the meiotic maturation of oocytes and the MEK1-PARP-1 cascade as signaling that supports cell viability. For this purpose, pig oocytes cultured in modified media were used, supplemented with a specific combination of enzyme inhibitors (3Ki) or in a culture medium with donor H2S. The ocytes were then subjected to immunocytochemistry staining, fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.
The results show that H2S is involved in the regulation of meiotic maturation. It confirmed the hypothesis of the endogenous production of H2S in the course of the meiotic maturation of pig oocytes and the influence of the MAPK signaling cascade. Based on the results, it is however likely that the MEK1-PARP-1 signaling cascade is not affected by H2S, unlike MAPK signaling, comprising the mentioned MEK1 as superior kinase. MAPK kinase activity is significantly lower in oocytes after treatment 3Ki. Further experiments are for a detailed understanding of these regulatory pathways and for the proper verification of the mechanism of the effects of H2S necessary, in particular for a full understanding of the target control factors by the post-translational modification of S-sulfhydration.
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Traditional Use of Coca (Erythroxylum sp.)
Jelínek, Petr ; Fernández Cusimamani, Eloy (advisor) ; Pavla, Pavla (referee)
Coca (Erythroxylum sp.) is a genus of plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, whose most important species come from the Andean region of South America. Coca leaves are traditionally used as a medicament, a stimulant or for the production of food products. In some areas, coca is an important part of the culture. On the other hand, coca is notoriously known as a raw material for the production of cocaine which is then illegally distributed throughout the world. The aim of this thesis was to objectively summarize and evaluate information about coca shrub, its expansion, growing, and especially about the use and importance of the coca leafs. This information was obtained from specialist literature, scientific articles and works of national and international organizations. Coca leaves contain high levels of lipids, protein, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins A, E, B2, B5, B6 and B12, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium and zinc in comparison with selected food (corn, beans, bananas, cow milk, chicken meat), they also have a high calorific value. Therefore, coca is an important nutritional additive. The leaves are chewed or used to manufacture traditional medicines, alcoholic drinks, mate de coca tea, Coca-Cola, cosmetic products, cigarettes, and concentrated cocaine, which occurs in coca leaves as an alkaloid to a concentration of 1,5%. Coca is part of traditional festivals and celebrations (e.g. baptisms, engagements, weddings and funerals), serves as a sacrifice and an idol, is offered at social gatherings and appears in folk tales. Coca is chewed mainly for its stimulant effects, it also suppresses hunger and fatigue and generally improves mood. In terms of pharmaceutical effects, risks and other factors, coca cannot be regarded as comparable to cocaine. Thanks to its positive effects and profound cultural importance, coca should remain part of the Andean tradition. In addition, it could also find use in modern medicine. Coca would not have to be considered merely as a dangerous drug.
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Typology of composite parts of the cultural landscape on sandstone bedrock.
Cimburová, Dorotea ; Veith, Tomáš (advisor) ; Halamová, Jana (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with typology of structures built in sandstone bedrock and its relationship to natural conditions, primarily the relief.
Its purpose is to compare and evaluate usage of typologies dealing with sandstone structures. Typologies of different authors are therefore at first compared in literature research. Afterwards, its usage is evaluated on the basis of terrain research. The research took place in the model area of Holans ponds. Found structure elements, which use sandstone bedrock, were photographed and then imported into the underlying map using GIS.
Another aim is to evaluate the landscape structure in the model area. For this purpose, the geosystem approach is used. It is described in a larger detail in the literature researches. Landscape structure in this approach is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary structure. In this work, primary landscape structure is represented by the relief, secondary by the structures and tertiary by the intangible heritage protection of these buildings. This work deals with an assumption of mutual influence between elements of particular structures. The main emphasis is given on the relation between relief and buildings.
To evaluate and confirm the hypothesis of a relation between relief and buildings, the Biogeographical division of Czech Republic II. part and the map of biochore is used. Both of them provide information about relief. Structure elements found in the model area were confronted with the map of biochore in GIS. In this way, the primary and secondary landscape structure of model area is described. To find example of relationship between structures and tertiary landscape structure the Central list of Cultural Heritage of Czech Republic was used.
On the basis of terrain research the applications of particular typologies were confirmed and evaluated. It turned out that typologies of some authors are more applicable and suitable in the model area compared to others. Also, the hypothesis that particular elements of landscape structure of the model area interact with each other was confirmed.
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Microbiological quality of milk for cheese production
Korous, Jan ; Legarová, Veronika (advisor) ; Vladimír, Vladimír (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on microbiological quality of milk for cheese production. Besides that, it informs about the composition of milk and the processes in cheese production.
The composition of milk differs between animal species. Lactose is the main sugar of milk, with content about 4-8 %. The majority of fat found in milk is triacylglycerol type. Casein is the most important protein, which occurs in three fractions (alpha, beta a kappa). Milk also contains various minerals and vitamins. The most important mineral is calcium, which plays an important role in cheese production. The milk composition is a suitable environment for the growth of microorganisms (Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, etc.), that can contaminate raw milk. Despite this risk, the raw milk is commonly used for cheese production, because it gives the cheese better structure and taste compared with the treated milk. However, the majority of cheeses are manufactured from the treated milk. In most cases, the milk is treated by heat, especially by pasteurization and ultrahigh temperature. These procedures kill microorganisms in milk. In some cases, milk can be contaminated again after the treatment or by inactive spores that survived the treatment. They can become active under favourable conditions, for example during cheese making.
Cheeses can be divided into groups by several criteria (type of coagulation, water content or fat content in dry matter). Starting cultures are used during cheese making from treated milk. Thermophilic starting culture Lactobacillus casei is used for manufacturing of soft cheeses and cheeses with high-heated curd. Cheeses with holes are made by fermentation (Propionibacterium freudenreichii). Mesophilic bacteria Lactobacillus lactis are used for production of cheeses with low-heated curd. There are many other cultures used in cheese making. Another important process during a cheese making is coagulation. During this process, the milk fat is coagulated by enzymes (chymosin, pepsin). After the coagulation, the curd is cut and forms soft grains, which exude whey. The grains are often heated for the better whey secretion. Salt is used during the cheese production to slow the activity of microorganisms and enzymes and it also gives better taste to the final product. Cheese is then let to age, during this period of time, biochemical processes occur and unique characteristics of the cheese are gained.
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Androgenesis and its using for interspecific hybridisation of potato
Suková, Eva ; Sedlák, Petr (advisor) ; Matiska, Pavel (referee)
The production of homozygous lines has been an important part of breeding programs. The most effective and widely used method suitable for the production of homozygous plants is induced androgenesis via anther, pollen and isolated microspore cultures. The principle of androgenic induction consists in reprogramming microspores from gametophytic to sporophytic development. Physical or chemical factors can be used on the whole inflorescence, flower-buds or isolated anthers for reprograming. The genotype of donor plant and poolen developmental stage plays a fundamental role in determination of androgenesis in vitro. Pre-treatments such as chilling, high temperature, high humidity, centrifugation, water stress, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure change in the level of endogenous growth substances, transfer anthers from anaerobic to aerobic environment, starvation, colchicine application and, heavy metals treatment are other important factors that affect the response of anthers to in vitro culture.
The aim of this work was to design and confirm the methodology used for induced androgenesis of potatoes. The achieved results of our experiment showing only trends and hypotheses. The size of the most suitable flower-buds for anther culture is 2-3 mm. It is highly likely that the sucrose concentration in MS medium had no impact on the callus induction. The genotype of tested hybrids probably plays a major role in the induced androgenesis process. The influence of the media on the formation of callus was statistically proven. Calluses were transferred to regeneration medium, but organogenesis has not yet come through.
The results show that the proposed methodology is appropriate to derive calluses at least.
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Laboratory evaluation of activity of traditional Bolivian medicinal plants
Hladová, Alena ; Klouček, Pavel (advisor) ; Přemysl, Přemysl (referee)
Traditional medicine of indigenous cultures is based on the medicinal effects of local plants. Those people have been taught to use these plants throughout history and they employ them as their primary health care. This is supported by the fact that the natives do not have the financial resources to pay for medical care and at the same time it is also accompanied by poor availability of hospitals in areas where these cultures are located.
This thesis covers laboratory verification of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity
of Amazonian plants from south west Bolivia. This paper also summarizes the economic and political situation of the country together with the development of traditional medicine in the world and with the potential use of this medicine in pharmacy. Part of the work is devoted
to the issue of ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance and the possible effects of free radicals in the human body. The experiment was performed by testing nine samples of imported dried plants in laboratory. To determine the antimicrobial properties a microdilution method was used and the antioxidant activity was verified with the ORAC method which is based
on the elimination of free radicals. The microdilution method confirmed 80% of the MIC
in the initial concentrations tested (1,024 mg/ml) in Satureja ovata plants against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 bacteria and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and in the plant Baccharis genistelloides against S. pyrogenes bacteria. The other samples have failed
to provide the value of the minimum inhibitory concentrations. This can be attributed
to several factors which are described in this thesis. In contrast the positive effect free radicals was confirmed in all samples. The highest efficacy showed Satureja ovata (1373,2 ug TE/mg extract). Writing this thesis was accompanied by a lack of information about the tested plants, both in terms of their botanical description and in terms of comparing the laboratory results obtained with the results of specialized studies. Therefore the results of the experiment were studied in comparison to traditional use of the tested plants that have been provided
by Bolivian natives or their effects have been analyzed from the literature.
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From the other side of the Atlantic: Witold Gombrowicz in Argentina and his dialogue with the (Polish) culture
Kanda, Roman
For the literary work of the Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969), distinct thematical-motivic coherence and compactness of thinking is characteristic. A conflict between creative individuality (creative „self “) and limiting form of culture (cultural „us“) is among the lines that permeate all his work, and especially his Diaries (written between 1953 and 1967, or rather 1969) most visibly. Gombrowicz’s radical anti-culturalism, accompanied with numerous scandals and provocations, must be seen as a consistent defence of his creative freedom, his subjectivity. Nevertheless, it also represents an alternative view of culture, revealing its so far hidden aspects (immatureness, clownish laughter, youth) as distinctive values.
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Impact of pesticides on the gut microbiota of human
Kočová, Kateřina ; Rada, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Jakub, Jakub (referee)
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances used in agriculture against pests (animals, plants and parasitic fungi), who damage the crops, stocks of agricultural products, food and reduce livestock utility or threaten human health.
The thesis consists of two parts. The first (theoretical) part describes composition and function of gut microbiota; pesticides and their classification, environmental transport and effects of these substances on human health, and glyphosate as the active substance of herbicide Roundup, its mechanism of action, environmental fate and proven effects of glyphosate on human.
The aim of second (practical) part of this thesis was to test impact of pesticide Roundup on the gut microorganisms of human. The impact of pesticide was tested in in vitro pure cultures. Roundup was added in concentrations of glyphosate 17 g/L, 1,7 g/L and
0,17 g/L to the complex media and after cultivation the growth of microorganisms was evaluated. The next samples of stool were collected from human volunteers; these were cultivated similarly in the complex media with different concentrations of glyphosate. The total numbers of microorganisms, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci and coliformn bacteria were defined after cultivation.
When the pesticide was tested in pure cultures, concentration of 17 g/L glyphosate significantly inhibited total bacterial growth (P < 0.05), at lower concentrations no difference was observed. The cultivated microorganisms from samples of stool demonstrated only that bifidobacteria are sensitive to glyphosate at the highest used concentration of this pesticide compared with the control sample.
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In vitro embryo production in horses
Babická, Dominika ; Šichtař, Jiří (advisor) ; Šimoník, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this work is to write a literature review covering the latest findings in the field of in vitro embryo production in horses. In order to perform in vitro embryo production, you first need to know the anatomy of a mare and management of sexual activity. Reproductive systém of mares consists of two ovaries, two oviducts, uterus, vagina and vulva. Unlike other livestock, the development of oocytes is in the cortex of the ovary. Sexual activity is driven neurohumoral and production of hormone is ensured by the central nervous system and endocrine glands.
For in vitro embryo production must be obtained first oocytes. These are collected from either the living or the dead mares. For live mares are used ovum pick up (OPU, transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration), standing flank laparotomy or transcutaneous flank puncture. OPU is a noninvasive method, where each follicle is flushed several times, and in the obtained solution is looked for oocytes. Invasive, but a very successful method for obtaining oocytes is transcutaneous flank puncture. There are three ways for collecting oocytes from abbatoir ovaries - either by slicing ovaries or curettage or aspiration. Very good results in amounts of obtained oocytes was proved by slicing ovaries. First, after collecting oocytes must be sorted according to cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) on compact, expanded or degenerating oocytes. Compact and expanded oocytes are distinguished under a microscope based on the morphology of the edges of this COC. Compact oocytes have a clear line margins, while margins of expanded oocytes are deformed and have heterogeneous cytoplasm. Best results for the production of embryos exhibit expanded oocytes. First, it has to be matured in the medium to the stage of MII. The culture system for oocyte maturation consists of the M199 with Earl's salts, 10% fetal bovine serum and 5 mU - ml of bovine follicle stimulating hormone in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.2 ° C. It was found out that regardless of the duration of cultivation, results of development of blastocysts after 24 or 48 hours were the same.
Standard IVF in horses can not be performed due to the zona pellucida and sperm capacitation. Therefore it is used intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), when one immobilized sperm is injected directly into the oocyte. Before ICSI sperm capacitation must be done by using the calcium ionophore. Oocytes were further cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Another possibility is to transfer the fertilized oocyte directly to the uterine horn of the mare, or it is used cryopreservation for future.
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