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Change trajectories of wetlands in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic
Richter, Pavel ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Dagmar, Dagmar (referee)
Wetland habitats are of great multifunctional importance in landscape. In particular, they have the capacity to retain water during its surplus and then in the dry season to release the water. In this work the dynamics of change in wetlands coverage was analyzed, including the representation structure of different categories of wetlands over the past 180 years in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic. The historical maps of Stable Cadastre, current orthophoto and current GIS layers of localization and classification of different types of land use/cover and landscape types were used as data sources. The area of wetlands has dramatically decreased from 5 762 hectares in the period 1825-1843 (more than 9.5 % of the area) to 54 hectares in 2014 (0.9 %). Based on the study of available documents three types of wetland habitats were classified: wet meadows, wet meadows with trees and swamps . Although, the most of the historic wetlands were constituted of wet meadows (89 %) these days the swamps (48 %) form the largest part of the wetlands. Half of the historic wetlands were transformed to arable land because of increasing production of agriculture. According to the evaluation of monitored changes by predictors it was found that more pressure on the degradation of wetlands was in the areas with more suitable climatic conditions for agriculture (e.g. The Danube basin, Moravia, soil types in the lowlands, Corn agricultural production area etc.). In these areas the swamps were formed as new wetlands in places of historical watercourses localization more significantly than elsewhere in monitored area. The aim of this work was also to describe the main driving forces and pressures that have influenced the changes in wetlands. The outcome of the paper can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
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Effect of climatic and environmental variables on changes in numbers and migratory behaviour of wintering and migrating waterbirds.
Adam, Matyáš ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Bejček, Vladimír (referee)
Waterbirds with their specific habitat and food requirements varying during their annual cycle (Riffell et al. 2003; Taft and Haig 2006) are able to indicate the wetland diversity and quality due to their rapid responses on changes in environment (Delany 1999; Fernández et al. 2005; Amat and Green 2010). Remarkable land cover changes and climate warming led to significant shifts in distribution and abundance of many waterbird species across Europe in recent decades (Delany et al. 2006; Fox et al. 2010; Lehikoinen et al. 2013; Pavón-Jordán et al. 2015). To understand the dynamic of migratory birds in space and time and to assess effects of global conditions as well as local conditions of individual sites during their annual cycle there is need of international monitoring and research. Since the start of International Waterbird Census in 1967 both increasing and decreasing trends have been recorded in nearly fifty percent of waterbird species in Western Palearctic (Delany et al. 2006, Wetlands International 2016) and they consequently have affected trends in particular countries, including the Czech Republic. Wetland sites in the Czech Republic are generally situated on the edge of wintering range of most waterbird species (Gilissen et al. 2002), however the prevailing increase in abundance of waterbird species has been recorded here in recent decades (Musil et al. 2011). Though, the considerable growth of winter temperatures has not been noticed in the Czech Republic (Klein Tank et al. 2002; Musilová et al. 2009; Dušek et al. 2013), and the accessibility of the wetland sites, due to their freezing, varies year to year. Hence, we can assume that waterbirds have likely began using the alternative habitats with available food resources, i.e. cold-weather refuges, probably regardless of their conservation status (Musilová et al. 2015). Special protection areas were implemented to Czech legislation in 2004 to protect migratory birds (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC). So far there has not been tested the effectivity and impact of legislative protection on wintering waterbird species. Moreover, some previous studies indicated that SPA network do not match the species distribution pattern (López-López et al. 2007; Briggs et al. 2012; Albuquerque et al. 2013), so this issue urgently calls for scientific research.
The second part of the thesis focused on Greylag Geese, whose abundance has rapidly grown across the Europe in recent decades (Madsen et al. 1999; Fox et al. 2010), and that have become ideal model species to observe their responses to habitats and climate changes as well as their reactions to human disturbance (Fox and Madsen 1997; Ramo et al. 2015). This requires appropriate knowledge of geese distribution, abundance and their behaviour. Since 1930s, when the geese started to be ringed in the Czech Republic, the ringing intensity have markedly varied and have been reflected in numbers of recoveries. In last ten years the intensity have increased (Podhrazský 2010). However, complex of the historical data until 2002 (Cepák et al. 2008) and recent data have not been analysed so far. In the light of recent shifts in wintering ranges and migration phenology of many goose populations these analyses require increased attention. Furthermore, the satellite monitoring of geese is coming to detect more detailed information about behaviour of individuals.
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Qualitative and quantitative changes of agricultural land resources in the Czech Republic after 2000.
Gebeltová, Zdeňka ; Boháčková, Ivana (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
The main aim of the dissertation is to quantify changes in agricultural land use and propose some solutions to reduce or compensate for quantitative and qualitative degradation of the agricultural land resources in the Czech Republic. Data (WTO, FAO, CIMSC, RISWC, CSO, FADN) are processed by the geographic associations index, environmental stability index, regression and correlation analysis and multi criteria analysis. The quality of the agricultural land is decreased in southern Moravia and central Bohemia (Voltr, 2012).
The quality farmland is mainly reduced in agriculturally valuable soils, i.e. for soils with higher average official price. There is the largest quantitative loss of farmland above all in South-Moravian region and Zlín Region. A distinction of five soil quality classes is made. The large amount of land falls from the highest classes of protection in those two regions. The cultivation of certain crops (wheat, barley, canola, corn, perennial forage, permanent grassland) is located without scant regard for the production of soil conditions. It is not a good way from the agronomical perspective in the Czech Republic. Homogenization of arable crops and their range adversely can affect the long-term productive ability. Although above average high percentage of leased farmland is in the monitored regions, its influence on the GARE change was not statistically confirmed. The irrigation systems should affect the quality of agricultural land. However, the construction of new irrigation systems and the usability of many existing systems is economically limited and influenced by form of ownership too. Subsidies for the sustainability of the production capabilities of agricultural land (Rural Development Program) are paid not for prevention, but as result of erosion processes only. In the dissertation was created multi criteria analysis includes criteria, which can be potential causes reduction of the soil quality. They can simultaneously act on the degradation of agricultural land.
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ICT support for regional development
Očenášek, Vladimír ; Havlíček, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Vostrovský, Václav (referee)
There are many of different rankings in the world, which relate to information and communications technology. For example, United Nations e-Government survey evaluates expansion of e-government administration in 193 countries in the world every two years and publishes worldwide ranking of EGDI (e-government development index). Since 2003 web portals of the capitals of the largest countries in the world are evaluated evaluated by - Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide (Holzer et al., 2014) every two years. This rating is organized by the "The E-Governance Institute" which is part of Rutgers University Newark. Prague (15 in) was included for the first time in 2007. Prague was ranked in excellent 2nd place in 2009, in the period 2011 - 2012 was in 4th place and in the period 2013 - 2014, Prague ranked 10th. Our methods of evaluation are based on methods of Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide, which is focused on regional web portals. We evaluated 6 regional web portals using 40 parameters in the area privacy, usability, content, services, citizen and social engagement. For instance, we evaluated if web portal provides: online publications, multilingual access, GIS, calendar of events, searchable database of articles, accommodation reservation etc. For evaluation of regional web portals, we chose two regional touristic headquarters (Centrála cestovního ruchu -- Jižní Morava (www.ccrjm.cz), Jihočeská centrála cestovního ruchu www.jccr.cz)), one regional touristic web (Posázaví - vítejte v turistickém regionu kolem řeky Sázavy (www.posazavi.com)), two Austrian web portals, which represents cross-border cooperation between Austria and Czech republic (Urlaub am Bauerhof -- dovolená na selském statku (www.agroturistika-v-rakousku.cz), Rakousko -- přijeďte a ožijete (www.austria.info/cz)) and official touristic web portal of Switzerland (Officielle Website von Schweiz Tourismus (www.mojesvycarsko.com)). As it turned out during our model usage, which took into account five important areas, level of regional web portals significantly differ. Some criteria are fulfilled across the all sites, but some of them are partly or completely missing. Individual solutions therefore often prefer different criteria, thus providing different perspectives on the region and its issues. If all criteria were met, the informational content and thus even usefulness of the individual portals would rise. Theoretically, this would lead to a "content compatibility" of individual solutions, which would ultimately bring profit to users and consequently the visitors of their respective regions.
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The effect of live weight on androsterone and skatole content in adipose tissue of boars
Poláčková, Miroslava ; Okrouhlá, Monika (advisor) ; Michaela, Michaela (referee)
The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive literature review and evaluation of research on the influence of androstenone and skatole for boar live weight, which thanks to modern trends sensitive issue.
Skatole is malodorous indole compound, which is formed in the colon of pigs later leads to deposition in adipose tissue, causing the so-called. Boar odor.
Steroid androstenone is produced by Leydig cells of the testes boars, when a part is floated urine, partly accumulate in saliva, to stimulate the sows and part is accumulated in the adipose tissue.
The chromatographic method suitable for detecting substances responsible for boar odor was developed on a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer using chemical standards.
According to the results, we can evaluate that the differences between imunocastraties and boars are minimal, not only in fattening values, but also at the height of the back fat or muscle growth musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis. Only with differing indicators are the amount of androstenone and skatole, which confirms that feeding into higher slaughter weight pigs is unprofitable, because the amount of these substances is many times higher than allowed by European standard. The meat of boars is therefore inconvenient and are a much better choice imunokastráti.
The hypothesis that a live weight of influence on behalf of androstenone and skatole in fat tissue boars are so confirmed.
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Local Elections and Formation of Self-Administration in Skopytce (Case Study)
Březinová, Andrea ; Čmejrek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Bubeníček, Václav (referee)
The Bachelor thesis on the topic of Local Elections and Formation of Self Administration captures the process of municipal elections and the post-election events in a selected village Skopytce. The thesis focuses primarily on municipal elections which took place in 2014. In the main part is an analysis of election results and voter turnout in 2014 and their comparison with the results of the elections in 2010. The thesis shows the problems of small communities with compiling lists of candidates, the post election cooperation between the elected representatives in relation to the establishment of self government. The thesis is trying to identify factors which influence the pre-election and post-election events in the village and tries to apply the classification of local models of democracy on the selected village.
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Diet structure of Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus) in the Ore Moutains in 2014-2015: the effect of laying date on the presence of Apodemus mice and Sorex shrews
Řánková, Kristýna ; Šťastný, Karel (advisor) ; Hanel, Jan (referee)
The study of feed ecology of Tengmalm s owl has been progressing at the department of ecology at the Environmental Science of the Czech University of Agriculture in Prague since 1999. Feed is examined in Loučen part of the area of the Ore Mountains, which is destroyed by imisions, in the surrounding of Fláj barrier with the extent of 70 km2. Researching part is situated in the northwest area of the Czech Republic.
My part of the research of Tengmalms owl s feed was progressed in 2014-2015 and carried out by the method of analysing of pellets and residues which are from nesting boxes. The total amount of the analysed prey animals was 1608 individuals from 32 samples, from which there were 1575 mammals (Mammalia) (97,9 %) and 33 birds (Aves) (2,1 %). In 2014, 6 samples were analysed. In these, 259 pieces of prey were determined. The following year it was 26 samples, in which 1349 pieces of prey were determined.
The substitution of mammals had this composition in 2014-2015: Apodemus sp. - 52,8 %, Microtus agrestis - 25,1 %, Microtus sp. - 8,0 %, Sorex araneus - 3,0 %, Clethrionomys glareolus - 2,7 %, Microtus arvalis - 2,0 %, Muscardinus avellonarius - 0,6 %, Sorex minutus - 0,5 %, Micromys minutus - 0,1 %. The substitution of birds was following: Turdus philomelos - 0,4 %, Phylloscopus sp. - 0,4 %, Aegolius funereus - 0,2 %, Erithacus rebecula - 0,2 %, Pyrrhula pyrrhula - 0,2 %, Fringilla celebs - 0,1 %, Parus major - 0,1 %, Anthus trivialis - 0,1 %, Carduelis cannabina - 0,1 %, Ficedula sp. - 0,1 %, Garrulus glandarius - 0,1 %, Regulus regulus - 0,1 %, Sylvia atricapilla - 0,1 %, Turdus merula - 0,1 %. The first aim was to classify the substitution of Shrews and Apodemus mice in the relation to the time of nesting of Tengmalms owl. Big difference in share of Apodemus mice and Tengmalms owl was given in feed of Tengmalms owl in following 2014-2015. In 2014 Apodemus mice were 19,3 % of feed while they were 59,4 % in 2015. In 2014 Apodemus mice were 18,8 % food of Tengmalms owl, while it was 3,9 % in 2015.
Next it was found out that in 2014 substitution of neither Apodemus mice (Apodemus sp.), nor Tengmalms owl in feed of those ones didnt change during their nesting so much, the influence of the time of their nesting wasnt determined. During nesting time in 2015 share of Apodemus mice in feed of Tengmalms owl was brought down, it means that the couples nesting in the season earlier hunted more Apodemus mice. The substitution of Apodemus mice hasnt changed (the influence on the time of nesting wasnt shown).
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Diet structure of Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus) in the Ore Moutains in 2014-2015: the effect of laying date on the presence of Microtus voles and birds (Aves)
Šimková, Kristýna ; Šťastný, Karel (advisor) ; Kouba, Marek (referee)
Diet structure of Tengmalm s Owl was studied during 2014-2015 in the Loučeň area of the Ore Mountains specifically around the Flájská dam area of 70 km2. This area is strongly affected by emissions. Diet research was conducted with method of pellets analysis which were taken from nest boxes during nesting period. 32 samples were collected during this two years study. Each sample represents content of diet from one nest box during one
nesting period. 6 samples with 259 individuals were from 2014 while 26 samples with 1349 individuals were collected in 2015. In total 1608 individuals were found during 2014-2015, out of them 33 birds (Aves) and 1575 mammals (Mammalia). Diet content was changing during study years, depending on availability of prey. Main part of diet represented mammals (97,9 %), rest of diet was built by birds (2,1 %). Between 2014-2015 mammals were found in following proportion: Apodemus sp. - 52,8 %, Microtus agrestis - 25,1 %, Microtus sp. - 8,0 %, Sorex araneus - 3,0 %, Clethrionomys glareolus - 2,7 %, Microtus arvalis - 2,0 %, Muscardinus avellanarius - 0,6 %, Sorex minutus - 0,5 %, Micromys minutus - 0,1 % and birds in proportion: Turdus philomelos - 0,4 %, Phylloscopus sp. - 0,4 %, Aegolius funereus - 0,2 %, Erithacus rubecula - 0,2 %, Pyrrhula pyrrhula - 0,2 %, Fringilla coelebs - 0,1
%, Parus major - 0,1 %, Anthus trivialis - 0,1 %, Carduelis cannabina - 0,1 %, Ficedula sp. - 0,1 %, Garrulus landarius - 0,1 %, Regulus regulus - 0,1 %, Sylvia atricapilla - 0,1 %, Turdus merula - 0,1 %. Main objective of this study was to evaluate proportion of voles and birds in diet during study reflecting timing of Tengmalm s Owl s nesting. During two years evaluation was proved difference in proportion of birds in diet of Tengmalm s Owl. In 2014 birds represented 15,3% of diet while in 2015 birds were not represented at all. Proportion of voles (Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis and Microtus sp.) in Tengmalm s Owl s diet didn t differ significantly during study period.
It was found that in 2014 neither proportion of voles nor birds in Tengmalm s Owl s diet didn t change significantly during nesting period thus the effect of nesting timing on diet content wasn t proved. During 2015 nesting period the proportions of voles in Tengmalm s Owl s diet significantly grew and impact of nesting timing was proved. Birds were not represented in owl s diet at all in this year.
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Institution President of the Republic in the legal order of the Czech republic from the point of view its election
Huptychová, Natálie ; Civínová, Denisa (advisor) ; Cvik, Eva Daniela (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on a president, especially from the point of view its election. The first part focuses on the institute of president in the Czech Constitution,
and the election of the president. The practical part focuses specifically on the first direct election of the president to the Czech Republic, which took place in 2013. Gives information about the presidential candidates, who were candidates in 2013, their nomination during the campaign, campaign financing, and control the financing of these campaigns. Based on the information then evaluates the candidates' campaigns,
and compares the detected information with the theoretical bases of the theoretical part, and examines if the course of direct presidential election in 2013 was conducted
in accordance with the applicable laws of the Czech Republic.
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Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) as a laboratory animal and its use in experiments
Šlajerová, Markéta ; Masopustová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The thesis on the topic of the use of laboratory swine in biomedical research is focused on the detailed description of phylogeny and domestication of the species Sus scrofa and the origin of its domesticated form Sus scrofa domestica, a laboratory breeding, nutrition, requirements for space and the animal health conditions. Physiological and anatomical similarities pig with the human organism offers a wide range of the applications in various sectors of the medical research. Pigs, or rather the mini pig breeds are part of the preclinical testing of drugs in toxicology. In dermatology tend to be an experimental model in the healing wounds and burns, or the study of melanoma. Cardiovascular system of pigs is used in connection with the formation of atherosclerosis and congenital heart defects. The omnivorousness of pigs to test of dietary supplements; is also monitored in experimental diabetes, gastric ulcer or cirrhosis of the liver. Just the liver and their ability to regenerate them is in the laboratory pigs the focus of many research groups around the world. The central nervous system offers the opportunity to study stroke, or spinal cord injury. In transgenic animals is studied Huntington's disease and its treatment in humans. Titanium implants and various types of biomaterials are injected into the skeletal system of a pig, then reactions and bone healing are examined. In the area of experimental xenotransplantation could in the future be strains of genetically modified pigs become a source of organs for humans. While unresolved problem is the HAR-Hyperacute Rejection so rejection of the implant, and the risk of transmission of certain diseases from pigs to humans. Payoff experimental pigs is of undoubted importance and need this potential wisely and purposefully use, without wasting experimental animals and unnecessary pain. Emphasis should be placed on adherence to regulatory compliance and the concept of 3R.
Actual laboratory pigs breeding is at a high standard. Unfortunately, his major weakness on global scale is incomplete reported data related to exact values used pigs in experiments.
In the Czech Republic was the most laboratory pigs used in 1994 exactly 6882 pieces, in 1998 has been used 7122 pieces, higher number of laboratory swine was also reported for the year 2009, namely 4445 pieces. In recent years, the numbers of used laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic have settled around an average value of 2,400 pieces. Using the Mann-Whitney U test were compared to the values used in the laboratory pigs Czech Republic and the European Union, on a per capita basis. From the resulting value of p = 0.486, bigger than alpha = 0.05 it follows, that was not proved a difference in the use of experimental pigs between the Czech Republic and the other member states of the European Union. On the basis of the carried out statistical survey, it can be concluded that the fluctuations and trends in the use of laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic do not replicate those european. The established hypothesis was confirmed.
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