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Blackflies of the Czech Republic and their feeding preferences
Blechová, Karolína ; Brzoňová, Jana (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
Blackflies are globally distributed small flies belonging to the order Diptera, known as common nuisance for humans and vectors of certain parasites. The most commonly transmitted parasites include the genera Onchocerca, Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma. For humans the most significant species is Onchocerca volvulus, which causes onchocerciasis (or "river blindness") in tropical areas. This thesis is about faunistics of blackflies in the Czech Republic, where was described 45 species of these flies to this date. First mentions of the family Simuliidae are from 19th century. More specific studies about these arthropods have been published since the 1950s and the main concern of these studies was to study blackflies at specific locations. More recent studies put focus primarly on blackflies as vectors. Host preferences are an important aspect in the characterization of blackflies and all vectors in general. Host preferences of blackflies are highly variable among species, ranging from ornitophilic blackflies tied strictly to a single host species (S. euryadminiculum with specifity on common loon) to opportunist species feeding on both mammals and birds (S. vernum). Host preferences have been adressed in only small number of studies. Classic method used for determination of host preference is...
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Quantitative methods for studying and monitoring of insect populations
Vašák, David ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Řeřicha, Michal (referee)
In the context of the necessity to research the global decline of insects, the scientific community has increasingly focused on the quantitative monitoring of insect populations, specifically their biomass and abundance. These metrics provide a different type of information on population trends compared to monitoring diversity or geographical distribution. However, interpreting population trends based on these metrics is accompanied by a number of challenges. This thesis highlights these issues and underscores the necessity of quantitative monitoring and its benefits for understanding insect population dynamics. Additionally, it provides an overview of the most commonly used methods for insect quantitative monitoring, ranging from traditional approaches to modern techniques. Lastly, it also presents studies that address the monitoring of insect biomass and abundance. Keywords: insect, biomass, abundance, population trends, insect decline, monitoring methods
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A study of chemoresistance in patients with colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil
Dostál, Petr ; Vymetálková, Veronika (advisor) ; Šeborová, Karolína (referee)
The choice of treatment strategy in patients with malignant disease depends on various clinical and molecular biological factors. Although several molecular predictive biomarkers have already been proposed, only a few of them are used in clinical practice and the number is still not enough for reliable personalized medicine. Given the lack of treatment success results in many colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, there is an urgent need for personalized medicine to identify new predictive biomarkers. One of the main clinical challenges in the treatment of advanced CRC is the development of chemoresistance to systematic chemotherapy. Early detection of resistant cancer cells clones could lead to changes in treatment regimens but it requires a long-term follow up of patients and monitoring of specific markers of chemoresistance. The aim of this master's thesis has been to determine the biomarkers associated with chemoresistance to 5-FU drug, one of the most used chemotherapeutics in the treatment of CRC patients. In the first step, the whole transcriptome of maternal (sensitive) and resistant DLD-1 (line resistant to 40 µM 5-FU and line resistant to 160 µM 5-FU) cell lines using the next generation sequencing (NGS) has been analyzed. Through bioinformatic analyses, potential candidate genes (HIST1H2BE,...
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Contact Precautions in Nursing in the Intensive Care
Satranská, Andrea ; Trojánek, Milan (advisor) ; Neugebauer, Jan (referee)
The thesis titled "Barrier Nursing in Intensive Care Units" explores the issue of knowledge and adherence to barrier nursing and enhanced hygienic regime and the reasons for non- compliance. Objectives: The focus of the thesis is to ascertain knowledge of nurses about barrier nursing and enhanced hygienic regime. Furthermore, to determine which protective measures are actually being followed and the reason why they are not being followed. Methods: To fulfill the objectives of the thesis, a survey targeting nursing staff in an adult intensive care unit was created. The survey took place at the University Hospital Hradec Králové. A total of 76 completed questionnaires were included in the study. Results: Based on statistical evaluation, it was found that nurses in intensive care units have an average knowledge of hygienic regimes of 88.36 %. The most common situation in which respondents do not fully adhere to enhanced hygienic measures is during an acute condition of a patient. In the open-ended response section, respondents most frequently mentioned CPR, the risk of removal of invasive access, or patient bed exit. Conclusion: The thesis achieved all predetermined objectives. The issue of adherence to barrier nursing measures, and consequently enhanced hygienic regimes, is a comprehensive topic in...
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Significance of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) for breast cancer
Říhová, Adéla ; Indra, Radek (advisor) ; Spálenková, Alžběta (referee)
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of malignant disease in women. Its progression is influenced by the steroid hormone estrogen, which acts through three receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). ERα and ERβ are nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of target genes, while GPER is a membrane receptor that mediates rapid non-genomic signaling. From a therapeutic standpoint, analyzing estrogen receptor expression is crucial for successful treatment. The presence of estrogen receptors significantly affects treatment outcomes. The expression of GPER in cancer cells has been shown to worsen prognosis. The main signaling pathways activated by classical estrogen receptors and GPER in breast cancer cells, and their influence on proliferation and cancer progression, have been summarized based on available literature. In addition, this text focuses on the mechanisms by which GPER may contribute to the development of resistance to tamoxifen, the most commonly used drug against ER+ breast carcinomas. Key words: GPER, estrogen receptor, ERα, ERβ, breast carcinoma, G protein-coupled receptor
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Employment of people with hearing disabilities in the Karlovy Vary region
Bíbová, Iva ; Hádková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Bartoňová, Miroslava (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals the employment of people with hearing impairment in the Karlovy Vary region. The aim of thesis is to map and provide insight into the employment opportunities for people with hearing impairments in the territory of the selected region, as well as the support options that people with hearing impairments can use from the point of view of state and non- profit institutions. In the first chapters of the theoretical part, the classification of people with hearing impairment, methods of communication, barriers and preparation for the profession of people with hearing impairment is briefly described. Subsequently, attention is paid to the issue of employment, the importance and possibilities of employment of person with hearing impairment in the Czech Republic. Then the characteristics of the institutions that deal with the issue of employment of people with hearing impairment are specified. Specifically, it is the employment office, the public welfare society Tichý svět (The Silent World) and non-profit organization Czech Union of the Deaf. The practical part is focused on the aforementioned institutions operating in the Karlovy Vary region. It was used a semi-structured interview intended for representatives of the empolyment office, the Silent World and the Czech Union of...
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Differentiation of musculoskeletal disorders related to the nursing profession in inpatient and outpatient wards
Malinová, Lenka ; Nováková, Tereza (advisor) ; Maršáková, Kateřina (referee)
Title: Differentiation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among nurses in inpatient and outpatient care units Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine a prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among nurses and compare localization of disorders among inpatient and outpatient care units nurses. Another goal of the study was to find a connection between WRMDs and occurring common factors. Methods: There was a questionnaire made to conduct this study. It was based on standardised Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) and sent in both printed and electronic form to various healthcare facilities. The research group consisted of 146 respondents, mostly women, that work as a nurse. Results were processed from obtained data and the conclusions were determined. Results: In the last 12 months, 87 % of nurses suffered from work-related musculoskeletal disorders in at least one area of their body. The most commonly affected area was lower back and neck, both regions approximately 65 %. The biggest difference between nurses working in inpatient and outpatient care units was hand and wrist, where the results showed three times percentage of MS disorder occurence in the first group. Another difference was in lower back area, approximately 20 % less outpatient care units nurses...
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Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in employees of one company working in an office environment
Voláková, Tereza ; Nováková, Tereza (advisor) ; Maršáková, Kateřina (referee)
Title: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in employees of one company working in an office environment Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to identify the most common WRMDs in individuals with sedentary jobs in an office environment of one company. Another objective, is a more detailed evaluation of the results directed to the risk factors involved in their problems according to the respondents and the preventive strategies used by the respondents to prevent pain and discomfort. Methods: A questionnaire survey was chosen to collect data. The questionnaire for the study was based on the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionair (NMQ), a standardized questionnaire, the core of which was kept in its original form, and the section on risk factors, preventive strategies and sociodemographic questions was adapted for the respondent group. The questionnaire was distributed electronically, with respondents answering both open and closed questions. In total, the research population consisted of 133 respondents. The collected data were statistically processed using MS Excel and tables and graphs were created to illustrate the results. Results: In the last 12 months, 64 (48.1%) of the respondents had experienced Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMD). The most frequently occurring WRMDs were in the...
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English Past Conditional and the Errors of Czech Advanced Learners of English
Kovandová, Marie ; Malá, Markéta (advisor) ; Jančovičová, Ivana (referee)
The present work studies the uses of the English past conditional and problems it poses for Czech advanced learners of English. The correspondences between the English past conditional and its Czech translation counterparts are explored using a parallel translation corpus. This analysis shows patterns of translation correspondence and confirms that the English past conditional most frequently corresponds to the Czech present conditional. It also presents different ways of expressing the condition in both languages. The results then serve as a basis for a test administered to the students of the first year of the English studies Bc. programme at the Faculty of Education, Charles University. The answers of students are described and evaluated and suggest that they are quite proficient with conditionals. According to the results, the most difficult sentences are those where the past conditional is appropriate in English, but the present conditional is used in Czech. Additionally, where the condition is expressed in a way other than by a conditional clause (e.g., adverbial, implied, etc.). Other influences are also taken into account. The analysis is based on 50 examples gathered from the parallel corpus InterCorp available through the Czech National Corpus website and 60 students' responds. KEYWORDS...
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Aquatic insects versus fish: adaptations to fish predation
Chawner, Adam Mark ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Jor, Tomáš (referee)
in English In this thesis, I review how aquatic insects have adapted to fish predation in various habitats during all phases of their life cycles. Aquatic insects are a large group of heterogeneous species and this review introduces these orders and species, including the environments they inhabit. Fish are some of the most common and most impactful predators of aquatic insects and this thesis identifies a wide range of behavioural, morphological, chemical and life history defence mechanisms of various complexity and uniqueness aquatic insect orders have developed to counter fish predation. Most aquatic insects are subject to predation during their aquatic larval stage. A few orders also inhabit the water as adults, as is the case most notably for aquatic Coleoptera. More complex adaptations to fish predation are presented in this order. Oviposition is noted as a strategy used to negate fish predation even before individuals hatch. The use of fish predation as means to control mosquito larvae communities is presented and reviewed. Keywords: aquatic insects, fish predation, defence mechanisms, adaptation to predation
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