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Study of genetic factors modifying the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer
Mohelníková Duchoňová, Beatrice ; Souček, Pavel (advisor) ; Skálová, Lenka (referee) ; Macek, Milan (referee)
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic and lifestyle factors in the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The first part deals with the etiological factors and the importance of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes and genetic alterations in the gene CHEK2 in the origin of these malignancies. In the second part, the ABC transporter genes were analyzed as potential prognostic and predictive markers of a treatment's outcome. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms and other genetic alterations were detected using real-time PCR, allelespecific PCR and PCR-RFLP methods in DNA which was extracted from the blood of patients. The frequency of polymorphisms was evaluated and their importance was assessed with regard to the available epidemiological data. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR in paired samples of tumor tissue and adjacent non-tumorous parenchyma. Results: A majority of the observed polymorphisms failed to show a relationship between their presence and the risk of any of these malignancies. CYP2A13 variant allele*7 coding inactive enzyme was found in 7 of 265 controls and in none of 235 pancreatic carcinoma patients. In contrast, GSTP1-codon 105 Val variant allele and GSTT1-null genotype were associated with an elevated...
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Preparation of preptin, a peptide secreted from pancreatic islet beta cells, and its effect on insulin secretion
Zrubecká, Denisa ; Žáková, Lenka (advisor) ; Dračínská, Helena (referee)
in English Pancreas is an endocrine tissue which affects many physiological processes in organism. It has been known for a long lime that the pancreatic beta cells secret insulin. However, there are more hormones and substances secreted from the beta cells, mainly peptides such as insulin-like growth factors IGF, shorter peptides like amylin and many more. Some of them have not been even identified. Among these pancreatic products Ch. Buchanan's group from Auckland University, New Zeland identified 34 amino acids long peptide called preptin in 2001. Its amino acid sequence is identical with part of the preform of insulin-like growth factor 2 chain. It has been discovered that preptin has effect on osteoblast proliferation and insulin secretion. Nowadays preptin is being studied like a potential osteoporosis cure thanks to its increasing effect on osteoblasts proliferation. This thesis describes preparation and characterization of human and rat preptin and their two fragments (which contain amino acids 1-16 and 17-34) using solid-phase synthesis. The aim of the thesis is to test effects of rat preptin and its two fragments on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cell line INS-1E. Part of the thesis is focused on binding assays of human preptin and its two fragments to IGF-1 receptor and also to...
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Development and function of endocrine cells of the pancreas
Hamplová, Adéla ; Pavlínková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Berková, Zuzana (referee)
Diabetes mellitus affects nearly 300 million people in the world. The development of diabetes is caused by dysfunction or by reduction of insulin-producing β-cells that are part of the endocrine pancreas. Therefore, the most critical step for understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes and for restoring lost β cells is the identification of molecular cues that specify the cellular phenotype in the pancreas. This work is based on the hypothesis that the transcription factor NEUROD1 is a key factor for the development of the pancreas and for the maintenance of endocrine tissue function. Neurod1 conditional KO mutants (Neurod1CKO) were generated using the Cre-loxP system by crossing floxed Neurod1 mice with Isl1-Cre line. Immunohistochemical analyses of the pancreas at embryonic day 17.5 and postnatal day 0 showed that the deletion of Neurod1 negatively affected the development, organization of endocrine tissue, and total mass of pancreatic endocrine cells. To better understand molecular changes, quantitative PCR was used to analyse mRNA expression in the developing pancreas at the age of embryonic day 14.5 and postnatal day 1. Genes important for the development and function of the pancreas have been selected for the study of expression changes. These analyses showed changes in expression of genes...
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Education of patients with pancreatitis in the regime measures
SLABOVÁ, Markéta
The aim of this thesis is to find out what is the current situation of patients suffering from pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is a very serious and increasingly widespread illness, thus, it is important to know how to fully and professionally educate patients suffering from this illness. As there is a great lack of information, brochures and seminars, this thesis will make up a brochure informing and educating patients suffering from pancreatitis sufficiently. The thesis is divided into two parts, a theoretical and an empirical one. The theoretical part contains detailed information about pancreas inflammation. Its causes, symptomps, diagnosis and treatment. There is also a sample diet that should be followed, and a description of nursing such types of patients. Further on, terms such as education and andragogy are explained, their methods, forms or motivation. The second, empirical part is dedicated to research. Based on the set goals and research questions, answers are given via qualitative research via semi-structured interviews carried out in Tábor hospital and České Budějovice hospital. The research file consisted of general nurses working in the above-mentioned hospitals, and patients suffering from pancreatitis in either urgent or chronic form. Data was collected from February to March 2018. Having carried out the interviews and their processing into Microsoft Office Word, identificaton data for general nurses was created, as well as for the respondents. Subsequently, data collected via interviews was analysed, categorized, and coded. Data analysis has proven that educating patients suffering from pacreatitis is done insufficiently, nurses lack sufficient educational constructs as well as time devoted to education. Nevertheless, the research has also proven that although the nurses were lacking time, they were happy with the education.
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Case Study of Physical therapy treatment of a patient after a combined pancreas and kidney transplantation
Lonek, Jan ; Novotná, Irena (advisor) ; Charvát, Robert (referee)
Title: Case study of physical therapy treatment of a patient after a combined pancreas and kidney transplantation Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to elaborate on case studies of the patient after a combined pancreas and kidney transplant from the perspective of a physical therapist. The case report is supplemented by theoretical information on transplantation and the patient's disease, which is diabetes mellitus. Methods: The thesis is divided into a general and a practical part. Based on the scientific literature, the general section summarizes basic knowledge about diabetes mellitus, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, and a subsequent physical therapy treatment. The practical part of the thesis describes the process of rehabilitation that the patient underwent during my continuous professional practice at the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine from January 22 to February 16, 2018. Results: During therapy sessions, the patient's overall physical condition and independence were rehabilitated, which were the main goals of the treatment plan. Furthermore, an elimination of reflex changes in soft tissue was achieved, especially in the abdominal area. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, transplantation, pancreas, kidney, physical therapy
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Development and function of beta-cells
Hamplová, Adéla ; Pavlínková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Insulin producing β-cells are located in the endocrine pancreas. They are a part of pancreatic islets of Langerhans along with α-, β-, δ-, ε- a PP-cells producing glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates glucose uptake into cells and thus contributes to the regulation of energy metabolism. The development of β-cells as well as the development of the pancreas is a complex process. Developmental processes of proliferation, differentiation and total pancreatic organogenesis are best described in the mouse model. The developmental processes and pancreatic functions are regulated by a network of transcription factors. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 is a transcription factor that is expressed in the precursors of endocrine, exocrine and ductal cells. Neurogenin 3 is expressed in precursors of the islets of Langerhans cells. Islet 1 regulates the formation of the islets of Langerhans as well as the pair domains of transcription factors 4 and 6, whose expression is later limited only to β-cells. Transcription factors Islet 1 and Neurod 1 regulate insulin production in β-cells. Mutations in transcription factors lead to the abnormal development and altered function of pancreatic cells, including β-cells. Diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting from defects in...
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Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013
Maláková, Kateřina ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kohoutová, Barbora (referee)
Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013 Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyze and describe the evolution of mortality due to malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2013 and to study mortality of malignant neoplasms by sexes in detail in the chosen spatial and temporal distribution for the purpose of identifying possible factors which can have an influence on differences between men and women. This thesis deals with mortality from selected causes of death in the malignant neoplasms in addition to the analysis of mortality for the whole group of malignant tumours. There was used standardized mortality rate as the main indicator of mortality and the probability of death by age and decomposition of the difference in life expectancy at birth by cause of death and age between 1994 and 2013 were also used as a more detailed analysis of mortality. During the reported period standardized mortality rate decreased for the whole group of malignant neoplasms and for most particular causes of death for both sexes. It was also found that the differences between men and women are rather decreasing, but for some causes of death such as malignant neoplasm of colon, malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lungs, and malignant neoplasm...
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The development of death rates due to selected neoplasms in the European union between the years 1996-2010
Chaloupka, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
In all of the developed countries, malignant neoplasms are, along with cardiovascular diseases, among the most frequent causes of death. This tendency persists in the European Union countries for many years. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of mortality caused by selected malignant neoplasms in the European Union countries from the year 1996 until 2010. The analysis is divided into 4 sections. Aside from standard demographic methods of evaluating the mortality rates by means of age-adjusted death rates calculation, statistical methods are used in this thesis as well. Primary methods used are Joinpoint regression, analysis of the course of specific death rates according to age groups and cluster analysis. In the observed period of time, mortality caused by stomach, cervical, and within the male population also respiratory tract malignant neoplasms declines. On the contrary, within the female population, the death rate caused by respiratory tract malignant neoplasms increases. Malignant skin melanoma represent a great future danger concerning the male population, and malignant pancreatic neoplasms concerning both genders. Over the observed time period, malignant skin melanoma death rate almost doubled in some of the countries. Within the European Union, the variations...
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Study of genetic factors modifying the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer
Mohelníková Duchoňová, Beatrice ; Souček, Pavel (advisor) ; Skálová, Lenka (referee) ; Macek, Milan (referee)
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic and lifestyle factors in the risk of onset and progression of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The first part deals with the etiological factors and the importance of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes and genetic alterations in the gene CHEK2 in the origin of these malignancies. In the second part, the ABC transporter genes were analyzed as potential prognostic and predictive markers of a treatment's outcome. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms and other genetic alterations were detected using real-time PCR, allelespecific PCR and PCR-RFLP methods in DNA which was extracted from the blood of patients. The frequency of polymorphisms was evaluated and their importance was assessed with regard to the available epidemiological data. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR in paired samples of tumor tissue and adjacent non-tumorous parenchyma. Results: A majority of the observed polymorphisms failed to show a relationship between their presence and the risk of any of these malignancies. CYP2A13 variant allele*7 coding inactive enzyme was found in 7 of 265 controls and in none of 235 pancreatic carcinoma patients. In contrast, GSTP1-codon 105 Val variant allele and GSTT1-null genotype were associated with an elevated...
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