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Effects of phosphorylation on 3D conformation of proteins
Tomčalová, Brenda ; Novotný, Marian (advisor) ; Vymětal, Jiří (referee)
Phosphorylation is one of the most ubiquitous posttranslational modification types. Understanding of itsfunction and regulation has significant impact on diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. This thesis presents and summarizes the results of several publications that analyze phosphorylation on large datasets using bioinformatics tools. In this thesis the general principles how the phosphorylation influences physico-chemical properties of proteins are described. In the first and the second chapter the evolution principles, function and regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases are provided. In the third chapter thesis concentrates on the distributions of phosphorylated sites among organisms (plants and animals). In the last chapter current knowledge of orthosteric and allosteric effects of phosphorylation as well as its effects on 2D and 3D structure of phosphorylated proteins is summarized.
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Metabolism adaptation to excercise
Nencini, Ricky ; Šulc, Miroslav (advisor) ; Stiborová, Marie (referee)
Skeletal muscles are remodeled in response to chronic exercise training. Training induces adaptations, which can be reflected by changes in contractile protein functi- ons, mitochondrial amount and functions and also in specific enzyme activity. Due to extensive training muscle proteins and enzymes permeate through sarcoplasm and can be detected at blood plasma. Six male rowers, 19,6 ˘ 2,1 years old (trained), six sedentary men, 20,2 ˘ 1,8 years old (untrained) were included within this report. Except mentioned groups, two individual clinical cases: one male user of androsten, 28 years old, and one male user of erythropoetin (EPO), 32 years old, were also included at this theses. To report any species influence, the groups (five females per group) of two domestic animal species (cow, pig) with different treatment (housed, outdoor) were also included. Blood concentration of erythrocytes, blood plasma concentration of proteins, acti- vity of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH), malatedehydrogenase (MDH) and enoyl-CoA- hydratase were measured as well as quantitative pattern of LDH izoenzymes. The only one difference for man was observed: a significantly higher concentration of plasma protein for untrained group. On the other hand, the outdoors cows had a significantly higher concentration of erythrocytes and activity...
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Molecular characterisation of the binding of influenza virus neuraminidase with inhibitors
Hejdánek, Jakub ; Konvalinka, Jan (advisor) ; Vaněk, Ondřej (referee)
Influenza virus is responsible for seasonal epidemics among human population. Flu illness usually causes only mild symptoms and can be overcome by few days rest. However, this illness might have fatal consequences for young, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Some viruses are able to "jump" across species resulting in rise of new types of virus that can have pandemic potential. The search for new treatment options to prevent emergence of new pandemics is thus a high priority task. Influenza virus neuraminidase is a protein located on the surface of viral particles. It has enzyme activity and catalyzes release of newly formed viral particles from cytoplasmic membrane of infected host cells. This step is crucial in virus life cycle, so the active site of this enzyme has become an important target for development of anti-influenza drugs. The neuraminidase inhibitors are currently the only effective drugs used for influenza treatment. Nowadays, there are two drugs against flu used worldwide: Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir). Recently, resistant influenza strains have been detected with increasing frequency. Point mutations in the active site of neuraminidase are causing decreased susceptibility of virus to inhibitors. Formerly, it was thought that these mutations would...
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The role of potassium transporters in programmed cell death of yeasts
Cmunt, Denis ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Bořek Dohalská, Lucie (referee)
The role of potassium transporters in programmed cell death of yeasts Abstract The programmed cell death was originally connected only to ontogenesis of metazoan. It was later shown that it plays an important role in physiological processes too. An insufficiency or an increased rate of the programmed cell death lead to many pathologies. The term apoptosis was taken as synonym for the term programmed cell death but it designates one of its types. Other types of the programmed cell death are not explored so far as apoptosis. The original classification was based on morphological features, however, there is an approach to distinguish them based on biochemical features. The programmed cell death was found in plants too, where its roles are similar to roles in metazoan and, surprisingly, it occurs in unicellular organisms. The prokaryotic mechanism is different but many common features with metazoan apoptosis exist in unicellular eukaryotes. Nevertheless, certain differences led to use of the term "apoptosis-like programmed cell death". One of the most studied unicellular eukaryotes is a yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was found a range of metazoan homologues proteins and thus it can be used as a model organism to deepen our knowledge on metazoan apoptosis and to understand the occurrence of such a...
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Interactions of apes and monkeys in tropical pavilons in the Prague zoo
Kloudová, Kateřina ; Vančata, Václav (advisor) ; Řezníček, Jan (referee)
Interactions of apes and monkeys in tropical pavilons in the Prague zoo The thesis is focused on the observation and subsequent assessment of the social behavior of primates, who are kept in a zoological garden. Part of the work is devoted to general characteristics of primates and their systematic classification. It also contains specific information about Prague zoological garden and its history. This work describes mutual interaction and social behavior of individuals within particular species of primates and their behavior once placed in common exhibition together with other animal species, both in closed quarters or pavilion, as well as in free range. The main objective of my work was to observe and evaluate social behavior from the point of view of both above mentioned cases. From the longtime observation we can conclude whether different groups of primates were gathered appropriately and if any mutual conflicts among them have occurred and could threaten the stability and relationship within monitored group. Regarding the contact with other animal species it was verified by the observation that chosen combination supports animal husbandry and helps the zoo staff to create better terms and conditions for breeding, corresponding to natural environment as much as possible. Keywords: zoo,...
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Evaluation of veterinary inspection in food safety
MARKOVÁ, Aneta
Healthy hygiene surveillance is carried out at all stages of the production process, from raw materials to the sale of animal products. The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the results of inspections of the food processing industry which are carried out by the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic (SVA CR). The specific focus was on the monitoring for foreign substances and the results of hygienic inspections done in food processing industry, mainly in dairy sector. Regular monitoring was the likely cause for the steadily decreasing number of positive findings in the samples which were tested for foreign substances. In the evaluation of the veterinary and hygiene audits carried out by the SVA CR, it was found that the dairy sector attained superior results as compared to other animal product sectors.
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Usage of antibodies and immunoconjugates in the pharmacotherapy of cancer
Vaidlová, Alena ; Čečková, Martina (advisor) ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (referee)
4 ABSTRACT Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of pharmacology and toxicology Candidate: Alena Vaidlová Supervisor: Pharm.Dr. Martina Čečková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Usage of antibodies and immunoconjugates in the pharmacotherapy of cancer. This diploma thesis display posibility of tumor treatment by antibodies, their conjugates and antibody fragments. Antibody therapy uses natural antibody binding of tumor cell or other abnormal cell. Antibodies bind only cells with cellular biomarkers which are present on target cells. Binding initiate disposal process of damaged cell. Genetic engineering helps to create different antibodies and their conjugates with different qualities, especially various affinity to specific structures they recognise. Unconjugated antibodies are chimerical, humanized, pure human or pure murine. Conjugated antibodies are represented by imunoconjugates, conjugates with cytostatics, with enzymes, with phytogenic or animal toxines. Developement of antibodies has totally new phenomenon - creating of antibody fragments. These elements are products of genetic engineering and their utilization has a great future. This work summarizes the latest knowledge about using monoclonal antibodies and immuoconjugates in theanticancer therapy.
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Význam sialovaných glykoproteinů pro klíště \kur{Ixodes ricinus}
ONDRUŠ, Jaroslav
Sialic acid is a highly abundant and a common component of vertebrate glycans, where it can be found in the terminal positions of the cell surface glycoconjugates. The amount of sialylated glycoconjugates as well as their complexity vary between both different species and different tissue types within one individual. Considering the vertebrates, these well studied structures are know to be important for cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and immunity. In contrary, sialic acid in arthropod glycans has been identified only in a limited number of species. In obligatory blood feeding parasites such as ticks, distinguishing between sialylated glycoproteins of tick and host origin is challenging due to huge volumes of ingested blood containing heavily sialylated structures of host origin. In the tick Ixodes ricinus, the presence of minor amount of tick´s sialylated structures has been shown previously in the ovaries and salivary glands, however, their role remains completely unknown. In this thesis, we study the importance and role of both the tick-originating and the host sialylated glycoproteins for I. ricinus, the tick commonly found in Czech Republic. We show that the tick-originating sialylated glycoproteins are present in I. ricinus eggs, and that their amount changes over time after laying the eggs. Furthermore, these molecules were localized in cryosections of 14 days old eggs and in the larvae using confocal microscopy. In addition, we shed some further light on the role of sialic acid for ticks in the tick blood meal. According to our results, the glycan part of glycoproteins is the key in recognition of these molecules by tick cells.
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Waste management Karlovy Vary Airport
Sýkorová, Heda ; Mikulová, Vlastimila (advisor) ; Ivana, Ivana (referee)
This bachelor's thesis on the subject of Waste Management at Karlovy Vary Airport is divided into three main parts. The first part presents literary research that comprehensively describes the given issues from the perspectives of the valid waste management legislation of the Czech Republic, the European Union, and Karlovy Vary County. The waste streams of the Czech Republic are described, as well as the existing obligations of treating them.
The second part of this thesis focuses on summarising the available information about Karlovy Vary Airport and its waste management. With the help of statistic indicators, the development of waste management in the studied period of 2008 2015 is analysed. The analysis centres on communal and hazardous waste, as well as animal and plant by-products and their handling.
The last part of the thesis is partly theoretical, comparing the waste management of the studied territory with other international airports, and includes suggestions for improving waste management as the number of passengers increases.
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Allomothering in mammals
Šedivá, Jitka ; Dokoupilová, Adéla (advisor) ; Masopustová, Renata (referee)
Allomothering is defined as a substitute parental infant care provided by an individual who is not a parent of the infant, but lives within the same group or pack. This behaviour helps the infant with the evolution and is an advantage in times when the mother is absent. In the group context, allomothering strenghtens social bonds by lowering the aggresivity and in the contrary, supporting the cooperative behaviour.
Allomothering occurs among social species and has been observed in both animals in the nature and animals held in captivity, mostly birds, primates, rodents, cetaceans, ungulates, beasts and human.
Evolution biology, who tries to explain the reasons why such a behaviour has evolved, connects allomothering mainly with Hamiltons theory of kin selection and Trivers theory or reciprocial altruism.
Ethology describes different specific forms of non-parental care where allomothering belongs. This can be devided into direct care when the infants are influenced actively (eg. breastfeeding or holding) and indirect care that does not include direct activity (eg. defence against predators). Many different forms of allomothering exist and can vary both in between species and individuals. Mostly we can observe provisioring, defence agains predators, allosucking, grooming, adoption, holding and carrying of the infant.
Practical consequences of allomothering have been well described and studies agree that this behaviour is a benefit for the mother, the infant and the helping individual. Benefits for he mother inhere the enegry savings in the period of lactation which is one of the physically most exhausting. Apart of having to invest less energy it is beneficial for the mother to be able to integrte back to the reprodutional life. Helping females, mostly infantless by the time, can get some maternal experience and for infants themselves, allomothering rises their chances to survive.
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