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Nutriční rozbor a optimalizace chovu vybraných druhů jedlého hmyzu v podmínkách ČR s ohledem na zdraví člověka
Adámková, Anna ; Kouřimská, Lenka (vedoucí práce)
Jedlý hmyz je ve světě považován za vysoce výživnou stravu s vysokým obsahem bílkovin a tuku. Nicméně, nutriční hodnota hmyzu není konstantní. Je ovlivněna živočišným druhem, vývojovým stádiem, podmínkami, místem chovu nebo výživou. Práce byla proto zaměřena na získání vybraných nutričních hodnot jedlého hmyzu. Analýzy byly zaměřeny na stanovení obsahu dusíkatých látek, tuku, profilu mastných kyselin a sterolů u vybraných druhů jedlého hmyzu, které je možné běžně chovat v podmínkách České republiky. Současně byly analyzovány i vzorky hmyzu chovaného na ostrově Sumatra z důvodu porovnání vlivu klimatických podmínek na nutriční hodnoty. Hlavním cílem práce bylo stanovení optimálních chovných podmínek, vývojových fází a krmných dávek pro získání dobré produkce hmyzu s vhodnými nutričními vlastnostmi pro výživu lidí. Provedené analýzy prokázaly vysokou nutriční hodnotu vybraných druhů hmyzu, zároveň však potvrdily průkazné rozdíly v obsahu jednotlivých nutrientů mezi jednotlivými druhy v závislosti klimatických podmínkách a vývojovém stádiu. Porovnáním obsahu tuku a dusíkatých látek u jedlého hmyzu a jiných konvenčních zdrojů masa bylo zjištěno, že obsahem tuku a dusíkatých látek je zkoumaný hmyz podobný hovězímu masu. Získané výsledky jsou podkladem pro stanovení vhodných chovných podmínek a vývojových fází pro získání hmyzu s požadovanými nutričními vlastnostmi pro výživu lidí.
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Antioxidační, anti-proliferační a imunomodulační účinky ovoce, zeleniny a hub in vitro
Doskočil, Ivo ; Havlík, Jaroslav (vedoucí práce) ; Orsák, Matyáš (oponent)
V poslední době stoupá zájem o nalezení nových druhů rostlin a hub, které mají antioxidační nebo antiproliferační aktivitu. Tento zájem je vyvolán zejména jejich možným léčivým a potravinovým využitím při mnoha onemocněních, které mohou být spojeny s oxidačním stresem, jako jsou například zánětlivá onemocnění střev, kardiovaskulární onemocnění, hypertenze nebo nádorová onemocnění.
Tato práce předkládá charakterizaci in vitro antioxidační a anti proliferační aktivity vybraných 19 džusů a 28 metanolových extraktů z ovoce a zeleniny, které jsou běžnou součástí jídelníčku. Dále 13 etanolových extraktů jedlých hub řádu chorošotvarých (Popyporales). Pro stanovení antioxidační aktivity byly využity metody
2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); absorbance kyslíkových radikálů (oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC) a inhibice produkce oxidu dusnatého (NO). Cytotoxicita byla měřena pomocí metody MTT využívající tetrazolovou sůl 3 [4,5 dimetyltiazol 2 yl] 2,5 difenyltetrazol bromid; a pro stanovení imunomodulační aktivity byla použita metoda fagocytární aktivity lidských neutrofilních granulocytů. Dále byl zjišťován celkový obsah fenolů (TPC) a ß glukanů, jako potenciálně aktivních složek podílejících se na těchto aktivitách.
Z výsledků je patrné, že z testovaných vzorků ovoce a zeleniny vykazovaly nejvyšší antioxidační aktivitu džusy (TPC = 1603,2 mg GAE/l džusu; ORAC = 438,5 umol TE/g) a extrakty (ORAC 836,6 umol TE/g;
DPPH = 404,6 umol TE/g) z plodů brusnice borůvky (Vaccinium myrtillus), následované džusem z papriky (Capsicum L.)(TPC = 642,1 mg GAE/l džusu; ORAC = 127,9 umol TE/g) a extraktem z ředkve bílé (Raphanus sativus L.)(ORAC = 724,5 umol TE/g; DPPH = 52,2 umol TE/g). Z testovaných druhů ovoce a zeleniny inhibovaly produkci NO džusy z cibule kuchyňské (Allium cepa L)(snižoval produkci NO o 57 %) a mandarinka (Citrus reticulata Blanco)(o 52 %) spolu s extrakty z brokolice (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis italica) (o 21 %) a pomeranče (Citrus sinensis Pers.) (o 10 %). Z jedlých hub byl stanoven nejvyšší obsah fenolových sloučenin u Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) (houževnatec tygrovaný) Fr. (TPC = 216,2 umol GAE/g extraktu), Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Kras (lesklokorka lesklá)(TPC = 257,9 umol GAE/g extraktu) a Royoporus badius (Pers.) A.B. De (choroš smolonohý)(TPC = 257,8 umol GAE/g extraktu). Obsah ß glukanů byl nejvyšší u Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (kotrč kadeřavá)(117,4 mg/g extraktu). Významný efekt na fagocytární aktivitu granulocytů byl zaznamenán u Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns, Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. (choroš šupinatý) a S. crispa. U poslední ze zmíněných hub byl taktéž zaznamenán mírný inhibiční účinek vůči buněčné linii HT 29 kolorektálního karcinomu člověka (IC50 = 107 ug/ml extraktu).
Výsledky naznačují, že některé námi testované rostliny a houby mohou být perspektivní ve snižování následků vzniklých v důsledku oxidačního stresu, který má podíl na celé řadě onemocnění a snížení toho oxidačního stresu může vést ke snížení progrese těchto onemocnění. Výsledky naznačují možný mechanismus účinku na lidské zdraví, při jejich interpretaci je však třeba brát v úvahu, že in vitro testy a screeningy jsou prvním stupněm systematického výzkumu těchto účinků a slouží pro výběr kandidátů pro návazné podrobnější studie.
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Single particle analysis of size-segregated aerosol in Prague city center
Marvanová, S. ; Skoupý, Radim ; Kulich, P. ; Bendl, J. ; Hovorka, J. ; Machala, M.
Particulate matter (PM) is omnipresent pollutant in the ambient air known to cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (WHO 2004). Recently, outdoor air pollution and particulate matter in outdoor air pollution were classified as carcinogenic to humans, Group 1 (IARC 2015). Especially, ambient PM of aerodynamic diameter < 100 nm, ultrafine particles, appears to be of great importance due to its high specific surface area and high number concentration (Hughes et al. 1998). Ultrafine particles also easily enter and are being transferred in organisms, and interact with cells and subcellular components (Oberdorster et al. 2005). As the evidence of ultrafine PM significance increased, size-fractionated PMs sampled by various cascade impactors have been employed into the toxicological studies on cell cultures or isolated cells, using the organic extracts of size-fractionated PMs (Topinka et al. 2013, Topinka et al. 2015) or directly the size-fractionated particles (Becker et al. 2003, Ramgolam et al. 2009, Reibman et al. 2002, Loxham et al. 2013, Jalava et al. 2006, Thomson et al. 2015, Jalava et al. 2015). The aim of this study was to evaluate shape and composition of size-segregated aerosol particles, sampled by high volume cascade impactor, using electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
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Diamond coated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors - effect of deposition process on gate electrode
Vanko, G. ; Ižák, Tibor ; Babchenko, O. ; Kromka, Alexander
We studied the influence of the diamond deposition on the degradation of Schottky gate electrodes (i.e. Ir or IrO2) and on the electrical characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). In present study, the diamond films were selectively deposited on the AlGaN/GaN circular HEMT by focused (ellispoidal cavity reactor) and linear antenna (surface wave) microwave plasma at different temperatures from 400°C to 1100°C. The preliminary results on electrical measurements on the diamond-coated c-HEMTs showed degraded electrical properties comparing to c-HEMTs before deposition process, which was attributed to degradation of the Ir gate electrodes even at temperatures as low as 400°C. On the other hand, metal oxide gate electrode layer (IrO2) can withstand diamond CVD process even at high temperatures (~900°C) which make it suitable for fabrication of all-in-diamond c-HEMT devices for high-power applications.
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Noise, Transport and Structural Properties of High Energy Radiation Detectors Based on CdTe
Šik, Ondřej ; Lazar, Josef (oponent) ; Navrátil, Vladislav (oponent) ; Grmela, Lubomír (vedoucí práce)
Because of demands from space research, healthcare and nuclear safety industry, gamma and X-ray imaging and detection is rapidly growing topic of research. CdTe and its alloy CdZnTe are materials that are suitable to detect high energy photons in range from 10 keV to 500 keV. Their 1.46 -1.6 eV band gap gives the possibility of high resistivity (10^10-10^11 cm) crystals production that is high enough for room temperature X-ray detection and imaging. CdTe/CdZnTe detectors under various states of their defectiveness. Investigation of detector grade crystals, crystals with lower resistivity and enhanced polarization, detectors with asymmetry of electrical characteristics and thermally degenerated crystals were subject of my work in terms of analysis of their current stability, additional noise, electric field distribution and structural properties. The results of the noise analysis showed that enhanced concentration of defects resulted into change from monotonous spectrum of 1/f noise to spectrum that showed significant effects of generation-recombination mechanisms. Next important feature of deteriorated quality of investigated samples was higher increase of the noise power spectral density than 2 with increasing applied voltage. Structural and chemical analyses showed diffusion of metal material and trace elements deeper to the crystal bulk. Part of this work is also focused on surface modification by argon ion beam and its effect on chemical and morphological properties of the surface.
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Packet Classification Algorithms
Puš, Viktor ; Lhotka,, Ladislav (oponent) ; Dvořák, Václav (vedoucí práce)
This thesis deals with packet classification in computer networks. Classification is the key task in many networking devices, most notably packet filters - firewalls. This thesis therefore concerns the area of computer security. The thesis is focused on high-speed networks with the bandwidth of 100 Gb/s and beyond. General-purpose processors can not be used in such cases, because their performance is not sufficient. Therefore, specialized hardware is used, mainly ASICs and FPGAs. Many packet classification algorithms designed for hardware implementation were presented, yet these approaches are not ready for very high-speed networks. This thesis addresses the design of new high-speed packet classification algorithms, targeted for the implementation in dedicated hardware. The algorithm that decomposes the problem into several easier sub-problems is proposed. The first subproblem is the longest prefix match (LPM) operation, which is used also in IP packet routing. As the LPM algorithms with sufficient speed have already been published, they can be used in out context. The following subproblem is mapping the prefixes to the rule numbers. This is where the thesis brings innovation by using a specifically constructed hash function. This hash function allows the mapping to be done in constant time and requires only one memory with narrow data bus. The algorithm throughput can be determined analytically and is independent on the number of rules or the network traffic characteristics. With the use of available parts the throughput of 266 million packets per second can be achieved. Additional three algorithms (PFCA, PCCA, MSPCCA) that follow in this thesis are designed to lower the memory requirements of the first one without compromising the speed. The second algorithm lowers the memory size by 11 % to 96 %, depending on the rule set. The disadvantage of low stability is removed by the third algorithm, which reduces the memory requirements by 31 % to 84 %, compared to the first one. The fourth algorithm combines the third one with the older approach and thanks to the use of several techniques lowers the memory requirements by 73 % to 99 %.
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Subspace Modeling of Prosodic Features for Speaker Verification
Kockmann, Marcel ; Kenny, Patrick (oponent) ; Nöth, Elmar (oponent) ; Černocký, Jan (vedoucí práce)
The thesis investigates into speaker verification by means of prosodic features. This includes an appropriate representation of speech by measurements of pitch, energy and duration of speech sounds. Two diverse parameterization methods are investigated: the first leads to a low-dimensional well-defined set, the second to a large-scale set of heterogeneous prosodic features. The first part of this work concentrates on the development of so called prosodic contour features. Different modeling techniques are developed and investigated, with a special focus on subspace modeling. The second part focuses on a novel subspace modeling technique for the heterogeneous large-scale prosodic features. The model is theoretically derived and experimentally evaluated on official NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation tasks. Huge improvements over the current state-of-the-art in prosodic speaker verification were obtained. Eventually, a novel fusion method is presented to elegantly combine the two diverse prosodic systems. This technique can also be used to fuse the higher-level systems with a high-performing cepstral system, leading to further significant improvements.
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Acceleration of Object Detection Using Classifiers
Juránek, Roman ; Kälviäinen, Heikki (oponent) ; Sojka, Eduard (oponent) ; Zemčík, Pavel (vedoucí práce)
Detection of objects in computer vision is a complex task. One of most popular and well explored approaches is the use of statistical classifiers and scanning windows. In this approach, classifiers learned by AdaBoost algorithm (or some modification) are often used as they achieve low error rates, high detection rates and they are suitable for detection in real-time applications. Object detection run-time which uses such classifiers can be implemented by various methods and properties of underlying architecture can be used for speed-up of the detection. For the purpose of acceleration, graphics hardware, multi-core architectures, SIMD or other means can be used. The detection is often implemented on programmable hardware. The contribution of this thesis is to introduce an optimization technique which enhances object detection performance with respect to an user defined cost function. The optimization balances computations of previously learned classifiers between two or more run-time implementations in order to minimize the cost function. The optimization method is verified on a basic example -- division of a classifier to a pre-processing unit implemented in FPGA, and a post-processing unit in standard PC.
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On-line Data Analysis Based on Visual Codebooks
Beran, Vítězslav ; Honec, Jozef (oponent) ; Sojka, Eduard (oponent) ; Zemčík, Pavel (vedoucí práce)
This work introduces the new adaptable method for on-line video searching in real-time based on visual codebook. The new method addresses the high computational efficiency and retrieval performance when used on on-line data. The method originates in procedures utilized by static visual codebook techniques. These standard procedures are modified to be able to adapt to changing data. The procedures, that improve the new method adaptability, are dynamic inverse document frequency, adaptable visual codebook and flowing inverted index. The developed adaptable method was evaluated and the presented results show how the adaptable method outperforms the static approaches when evaluating on the video searching tasks. The new adaptable method is based on introduced flowing window concept that defines the ways of selection of data, both for system adaptation and for processing. Together with the concept, the mathematical background is defined to find the best configuration when applying the concept to some new method. The practical application of the adaptable method is particularly in the video processing systems where significant changes of the data domain, unknown in advance, is expected. The method is applicable in embedded systems monitoring and analyzing the broadcasted TV on-line signals in real-time.
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High-Quality Shadow Rendering from Complex Light Sources
Navrátil, Jan ; Sochor, Jiří (oponent) ; Navrátil, Jan (oponent) ; Zemčík, Pavel (vedoucí práce)
In interactive applications, shadows are traditionally rendered using the shadow mapping algorithm. The disadvantage of the algorithm is limited resolution of depth texture which may lead to unpleasant visual artifacts on shadow edges. This work introduces an approach that is based on the improved texture warping. It allows for rendering a scene with the complex light sources, reduce the artifacts on the shadow boundaries and also improve the quality of the shadows regardless of the type of the scene and its configuration.
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